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margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RteUbAtFAlI/AAAAAAAAFGM/cSo5YEkKAZ0/s400/BB0492tesla-.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104711894414197330" /></a><br /><a href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RteUbAtFAmI/AAAAAAAAFGU/bfnYBrrzoBg/s1600-h/BB0494partic-.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RteUbAtFAmI/AAAAAAAAFGU/bfnYBrrzoBg/s400/BB0494partic-.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104711894414197346" /></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04641021361644318889noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2391588410225200812.post-19165781360383859962007-08-30T20:55:00.001-07:002011-07-03T00:26:24.963-07:00art bells energy antenna<a href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RteRPQtFAhI/AAAAAAAAFFs/hfVnyn99ts8/s1600-h/art-bell-antenna-farm.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RteRPQtFAhI/AAAAAAAAFFs/hfVnyn99ts8/s400/art-bell-antenna-farm.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104708394015851026" /></a><br /> <br />Some companies use wikis like HiveWiki as their only collaborative software and as a replacement for static intranets. A Hive Wiki can enable your company to effectively share knowledge. Go Here To Make Fresh Free Hive Wiki Now!Home | Edit | Index | Recent Changes<br /><br />Art Bell Describes 400volts of Potential Created By His Loop Antenna<br />AB: I have a large antenna, one wire, two thousand foot loop, at 100 feet high, with welded wire mesh grounding below it... I get 400 volts on a clear day, and I had to come up with a device to get rid of that potential. <br />Free energy! <br />AB: I will be making a loop to go around 5 acres or so. I am telling you there is power coming from somewhere. <br />A good friend of mine took conductive copper wire from 1000 foot elevation to 500 foot elevation, with coils, and he got useable energy off that. The energy is coming from somewhere, and could be drawn off. This is from one version of an energy device. Sometimes these things happen purely by accident. <br />AB: 400 volts knocked me on my butt a few times. I put a device in there to take all that current to ground. It shocked me a lot. That power is coming from somewhere. Even the power lines around here are very low voltage, very unlikely this kind of voltage would develop. I called the power company to ask them, and you must have a bunch of long lines that are unterminated, do you measure large voltages? They said no, they must be grounded, that is by code. They just ground them to ignore this potential. <br />When you have intense solar activity, it can cause transients that <br />The woodpecker may have caused a power failure in quebec. <br />Other related links: <br />Art Bell Shortwave Discussions <br />From December_13_2003_Art_Bell_Show<br />Fresh copy to be cached until 4:55:36 AM<br /><br />This Page: Edit | History <br />This Wiki: Home | Related To Art_Bell_Describes_Voltage_Generated_By_His_Loop_Antenna,_September_13,_2003 | Index | Recent Changes | Random Page | Search<br />Login | Create New Wiki | Wiki List <br />8/30/2007 8:55 PM v0.56.99 ADBEFEED 348 hits 93ms <br /><br />Wiki Site Resource ListAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04641021361644318889noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2391588410225200812.post-27572071592789557902007-08-30T20:50:00.000-07:002011-07-03T00:26:24.964-07:00art bells interveiwTranscript of Dr. Steven Greer's Interview <br />on Coast to Coast AM Radio with Art Bell<br />December 7/8, 2003<br /><br /><br /><br />Coast to Coast AM Web site<br /><br />[During the first 10-15 minutes of the program, Mr. Bell played a rebroadcast of a hypothetical disclosure briefing by John Lear and asked Dr. Greer to comment whether or not he would release that information to the public. That part of the interview is not included here in this transcript.]<br /><br />Steven M. Greer, MD, is Director of the Disclosure Project, and CEO of Space Energy Access Systems (SEAS). <br /><br />Art Bell (AB): All right, let me try this on you. Last night, I interviewed Bob Lazar - I know that you know that name - and --<br /><br />Steven Greer (SG): Yeah, I know Bob.<br /><br />AB: OK, fine. No matter what you think of Bob one way or the other, I got to a point in the interview where I asked Bob "Look, I'm going to ask -- there have to be other Bob Lazars out there. Send me email. Come forward. I'll give you air time. I'll put you on the air." And then I made the mistake - right after the break - of saying, "So Bob, what do you say to other people out there like yourself, should they come forward?" And he said, "Hell, no!"<br /><br />SG: Right, oh yes, he has said the same thing to me because of the difficulties that people have experienced and yet - you know it's interesting, the Disclosure Project has over 500 people that we have identified. Over a hundred have come forward. None of them have had any harassment or problems associated with that. And I think that one of the problems is the "lone wolf syndrome". I think if you come forward as an individual, by yourself, trying to establish something this explosive, number one, the weight of the subject collapses that person. It can't be sustained with one person. It has to be sustained with dozens and I would posit to people maybe hundreds of people. And the other issue is that when a single person comes forward, there's an intrinsic credibility problem. Even if the person is saying everything that he says is true. But if it's something this explosive, it becomes hard to accept and when so much information is coming out about something this explosive from only one person, without independent corroboration, it sets that person up for a nightmare.<br /><br />AB: Well, speaking of nightmares. Doctor, of the things that John Lear talked about, 75% which you said probably aren't so, are you discarding mostly the negative aspects of - I dont' know - either the alien presence or the way they look like, or what they've done to human beings? Or, what about the government stuff? In other words, what part of it do you buy into? You buy into the great secrecy, don't you?<br /><br />SG: Well, I certainly, you know, accept the things that we have personally discovered and have multiple corroborating sources for. It's like at the New York Times, they want three separate sources. Well almost everything that we've bought into, we have more than half a dozen sources. So certainly there is extraordinary secrecy that's para-governmental, meaning that it is within certain aspects of what we might think of as the government. But in fact the Constitutional government as we think of it has very little sway over these matters and it's been really handled in an extra-constitutional manner.<br /><br />AB: Do you think people have been killed over this information?<br /><br />SG: Yes, I have no doubt of that.<br /><br />AB: You have no doubt?<br /><br />SG: Well, you - you know what I've said as well.<br /><br />AB: Yes.<br /><br />SG:You know we've had - before we got the security things in place that we enjoy today, our group suffered some terrible losses.<br /><br />AB: I know that, but Doctor, do you really believe that if extreme prejudice has been used there would ever be an admission of that?<br /><br />SG: Well, you know, it's very difficult to know whether something like that would be admitted to. I mean, some years ago, in the early first couple of years of the Clinton administration it was admitted that we deliberately infected African Americans with venereal diseases in the south. <br /><br />AB: Point well taken.<br /><br />SG: And we've also now admitted that there were nuclear experiments done where people were literally injected and infected with plutonium, the deadliest substance known to man. So I think that the world didn't fall apart then; it was acknowledged that those things happened. I think that many people understand that extreme measures are taken in the fog of war, or in the fog of confusion of dealing with something like this. I don't know that people would be happy with it - they weren't happy when those other things were disclosed. But of course, the point that we've always made about disclosure, and I think it has to go from disclosing information and documents about UFOs and extraterrestrial intelligence to the next phase, which is what we're working on now, and that's the disclosure of the raison d'etre for the secrecy, meaning of course the actual very powerful energy and propulsion systems that are well known in very classified, corporatized projects, but which of course would result in the termination of the fossil fuel industry including all oil, coal, gas, centralized utilities and what have you. But this sort of disclosure is something which can be a positive event and again, one of the things I said many years ago to one of the senior Pentagon people is that if a disclosure is done that hits all the "hot buttons" of paranoia, and fear and insecurity that humans have...<br /><br />AB: Like God? Like our maker? Like how we got here? That sort of thing?<br /><br />SG: Well, yes, which gets into very speculative areas, quite frankly. That part of the briefing I felt to be almost gratuitously speculative and beyond the scope of what would be a briefing that would be believable by most people. But I think the other issue is that a disclosure which would focus on the facts in a nonemotional way and would also point out the up side of this information and the very positive things that could redound to humanity over a period of time, that would be not a terrible event. So I think it depends on how one does this, and one would want to exercise a measure of wisdom.<br /><br />AB: OK. Hold it right there. We're at the bottom of the hour.We'll have a clean shot till the top of the hour. Stand by, and we'll get right back to you. Dr. Steven Greer is my guest. From the high desert, I'm Art Bell.<br /><br />[commercial and news break]<br /><br />AB: Even if you assume the most benign of the truths - I think we've just agreed that people had been killed over this information to keep this information silent, and lies surely have been built upon lies for years and years and years until the stack stretches most of the way towards the moon, I suppose, and with regard to disclosure, Doctor, one crack can bring down a wall, and if we, for example, got information about new energy, the next questions would be, "Well, where the hell did you get it?", "Who'd you get it from?", "What have we done with them?", and on and on and on. In other words, the wall comes down.<br /><br />SG: Well, of course, and this is one of the reasons why, aside from the obvious need for a solution to the biosphere pollution, geopolitical and other problems associated with fossil fuels, bringing out the information related to the energy and propulsion systems that have been kept secret, many of which, by the way, are not of off-planet origin, they are not of extraterrestrial origin. I remind people that a human being can invent something just as well as someone from another star system. And in fact, whether you look at the work of T. Townsend Brown, or you look at the work of Tesla, or you look at the work of Sweet and many others, there have been humans - very much humans - who have come through their minds the sort of innovations and discoveries, of the nature of time and matter and space and electromagnetism to allow for the generation of energy which is not needing the burning of fossil fuels or nuclear power or what have you. So, in fact, the issue really becomes "what's relevant to people right now", and I think what is most relevant to people right now is the harmful effects of secrecy, which very specifically has to do with keeping the world rather addicted to this little line of supertankers filled with this black stuff called oil coming out the Middle East and elsewhere.<br /><br />AB: All right, well Doctor, I know that you have been on a worldwide search for the "Real McCoy", you know, alternative, over unity, whatever. I know you've been on that search. Where are you?<br /><br />SG: Well, it's interesting, it's been a 2 year search. I will tell you that, as we expected at the outset, the vast majority of claims associated with this area are fraudulent. The next largest category are people who are not frauds but are simply delusional, meaning that they're sincere, but they're sincerely wrong. They believe they have something that is in fact a source of quote "free energy" and it isn't, it's a calculation problem or what have you.<br /><br />AB: Right.<br /><br />SG: The third category of people are people who really do have something, and I'm speaking of people who have not yet been absorbed into a corporate structure or government structure. These are people who, unfortunately we have found, all but one of them so far, and I say all but one - and we'll get to that in a moment - who have been convinced that, quote "the world isn't ready for this yet", and to keep it secret. In other words, they've gone through the same brainwashing that has kept some of the military people in line to keep these other things secret.<br /><br />AB: No kidding?<br /><br />SG: Yes, and what's interesting - and some of these are people who have systems that we have personally seen and tested and which would revolutionize the way the people on Earth live on the Earth. However, I believe they have been intercepted by people who appear to be friendlies to them, and who are actually counterintelligence and disinformation people who have convinced them of sort of a, sort of played into the inventor's syndrome of a Messianic complex where they're told, "Well, look you know, the world isn't ready for this yet, but when there's this eschatological solution to the human problem, sort of the "End of theWorld" scenario, we can then bring this out, phoenix like, and recreate, or resurrect, life on Earth in a positive way, and you can be the bearer of this information." <br /><br />AB: Yes, but Doctor, you would have to -<br /><br />SG: You would convince many of these people to then say "I'll just keep this secret."<br /><br />AB: Well, wait a minute, Doctor. Let's just say I'd invented something. Let's say I had the over unity device. It's the "Real McCoy" and somebody comes to me. What could they say to me beyond "look the world isn't ready for this yet?" that would cause me to keep my mouth shut? It's not going to be enough to say -- I'm gonna say "Bull! The world has been ready for this for the last thirty years. Where have you guys been? So what else are you gonna say to keep me from releasing it?"<br /><br />SG: Well, there's a combination of veiled threats and a history of threats and then a sort of grandiose appeal to people to keep these things quiet until quote "the right time". Now, of course, one of the things that we've pointed out to these gentlemen, is that if you want to take sort of a spiritual view of this - if the Divine Being has allowed the minds of men to discover these wondrous sources of energy and sciences for almost a hundred years, only to have them cast aside out of lust for power and greed and secrecy and other dark human emotions, how can you say the world isn't ready? It IS ready. It's just that the sort of power elite, if you will, aren't ready because they don't want to let go of the centralized power that is contained within the entire structure of the macro-economic structure that's based on the energy system that runs the entire world economy. But the point is that we believe that this last category of people are people who actually have discovered great things, are geniuses, but unfortunately have been convinced to keep it secret.<br /><br />Now, there's one final category of people, and - we have to date only met one person who's been able to demonstrate a viable - when I say viable, something capable of putting out multiple kilowatts of power that could power a home or something - <br /><br />AB: How much can you tell me about him?<br /><br />SG: Well, what I can tell you is that our group, Space Energy Access Systems, has a worldwide exclusive license to try to bring this out. The person involved is offshore, is very frightened, has demonstrated to us that these technologies that he's been able to build, while somewhat crude, are actually very impressive, but to date has never been able to deliver to us a system. Now, this has been a very frustrating drama that has been going on now for about ten and a half months.<br /><br />AB: Well then why doesn't that push him back a couple of categories?<br /><br />SG: The only reason it doesn't is because -- he's in a gray box. What I would say is that this particular inventor is in a gray box where it's not quite clear yet if this is someone who has been unduly influenced by a third party to not cooperate, or actually has something, because we have seen and tested one of these systems.<br /><br />AB: But I mean that puts the whole invention in the gray box.<br /><br />SG: Well, yes. You have to separate out the behavior of the inventors from the technology itself, you really do. But in reality the result is exactly what you said, and that is, that it's in a gray box because at this point we're still waiting to take delivery.You know, we had - it's interesting - the first of March we had a private jet loaded to go and pick up this gentleman and the device and bring it back to a secure facility here, near our place here outside Washington.<br /><br />AB: And what happened?<br /><br />SG: A corporate lawyer and a business person that had been associated with this inventor stopped the whole transfer dead in its tracks, and it's very interesting. A whole book could be written about the drama of this little misadventure, or adventure, we're not sure which it is yet - but...<br /><br />AB: On what basis was this stopped?<br /><br />SG: Well, you know, the claim was that there was someone who was not being taken care of by the inventor who was supposed to be taken care of in the agreement that he had. In reality, we're not sure what was behind it. This is something that still isn't clear, and because we're dealing with a controversy and three separate countries, it's been a morass. So this is another one of the things that happens with these sort of efforts, is that you get these people surrounded by legal and business people who do everything they can to put a monkey wrench in having the technology brought forward. So the reason I say that this is in a class by itself is because we have been able to see an extraordinary phenomenon with this particular device that we cannot explain as anything but a device that is extracting electromagnetic energy that's usable from the so-called quantum vacuum space around that object. But in reality, because we have not actually taken possession of the machine or the plans to reproduce it, it remains very much in the questionable category.<br /><br />AB: The claim here is that it extracted essentially zero point energy and turned it into kilowatts you could see.<br /><br />SG: It wasn't quite kilowatts, maybe it was about half a kilowatt,and this is the machine that we were able to pick up and take outside, plug things into it, inspect it. There was no hidden source of power. It was one of the most extraordinary things I have personally ever seen. Now, that's the good news. The good news is that I'm quite sure that this can be done.<br /><br />SG: Now, there's another category, and I would say that our group, the Disclosure Project, working with SEAS - and the disclosureproject.org people can look at what we're doing with this and also seaspower.com, our website. But what we have found is that there are about 3 dozen inventors who have devices in mature stages, or less ripe stages of development, and we think that with probably around 10 million dollars in research and development funds, that at least a dozen of those could be brought to commercial viability within a year or two. Unfortunately, they do need that kind of support and that's something we're looking at doing.<br /><br />SG: And the next thing that we're doing, by the way, which we think is complementary to this and we're going to have information on this on our web site soon, and in fact I would say this is the first time I've ever called for this publicly is on this show tonight, is that we are going to do with the energy issue what we did with the UFO issue, and we are calling for exactly what you sort of brought up earlier, people who have been in either laboratories, corporations, government entities, or who are civilians with high credibility and high scientific credibility who have been either present during the suppression of these energy technologies or have seen them intercepted and cast aside or put into a black box, and who are willing to come forward and be identified. Now, we do know some people, some scientists, who have been involved in those projects, but they're terrified to come forward.<br /><br />SG: What we're suggesting is that, let's get about a dozen of them who are highly credentialed who have been at the patent office, who have been in with an intelligence agency or corporation and have suppressed, for example, an 80 mile per gallon carburator, or who have suppressed a zero-point energy device, and who may have documentation to back this up or corroborating colleagues to back it up, and we will do next year, in the middle of this election cycle, a disclosure event, Disclosure Two, that will present to the world the fact that we do have a solution to the oil and biosphere and environmental problems, and that we have assembled people who are ready to testify and will testify quite independently again, here in Washington at the National Press Club, that in fact this has happened over the last fifty or sixty years. So, anyone who is like that and meets that criteria I just outlined can write to me personally at disclosureproject.org and we will get back in touch with them. <br /><br />SG: However, I will tell you - you know, Art, I'm very careful. We're not going go forward with anything like this until we have multiple corroborating people who are highly credentialed, and highly credible, who are ready to put that information out to the public. The reason we think this has to happen very soon is because the public is being terribly mislead about not only why the world is run the way it is, but what has to be done to correct it. You know, we're looking at a 30-some billion dollar energy bill coming out of the Senate that doesn't address any of these issues, and with a fraction of a percent of that, this whole problem could be solved. So the public needs to know that there are seriously positive solutions to these energy problems that have been ruthlessly suppressed not out of national security but in point of fact, out of a ruthless sort of greed and a lust for power.<br /><br />AB: Well, when you brought people forward, Doctor, credible people, and did the disclosure you did do, that wall did not come crashing down, or at least it hasn't yet, now --<br /><br />SG: We never expected... See, that's a misinterpretation. That was never the intention that it would all crash down at once. This is a process. You know this thing has been building for not 50 or 60 years, Art. It's been building, the secrecy has been building for nearly 100 years. <br /><br />AB: Well, alright, this is a second wall we're talking about, if you were to -<br /><br />SG: It's a brick in the same wall. You see, this -- let me correct you here. This is part of the foundation of the secret apparatus and this is one of the chief cornerstones. The raison d'etre - the reason, the very purpose for much of the secrecy surrounding the UFO issue - isn't because, you know, they're here to eat us for lunch. If they'd wanted to eat us for lunch we'd be eaten already. It's because the energy and propulsion systems that explain the phenomenon of a UFO would make obsolete the need for oil and fossil fuels and these other very primitive, almost atavistic, technologies that we're using...it's like cavemen stuff.<br /><br />AB: Well then, Doctor, explain then how you can disclose one without disclosing the other?<br /><br />SG: No, the whole point is that you disclose both of them and one will bring the other one out, but the thing that right now is going to have the greatest traction and relevancy to a public terrorized in the aftermath of 9-11 and who are appalled at what's going on now in the Middle East and what's probably going to be going on in the coming few months. I won't say more than that, but I think it's going to get worse before it gets better. And I think that they're going to want to see that there is a solution to the purpose - to the reason why - many of these things have occurred. You know, many people forget that Osama bin Laden was an ally of the United States when we were in fighting the Soviets in Afghanistan, or helping him fight the Soviets in Afghanistan. It wasn't until we encamped in the Middle East trying to protect oil over there in the first Gulf war and the lead up to the first Gulf war that people in that part of the world became so furious with the West. And this is not to excuse the barbaric and horrific acts of the terrorists or of 9-11. It is, however, to shed some light on the background of this. You know, Art, I have just been invited --<br /><br />AB: But, but, Doctor! Uh - one second. If we're having wars, we've had wars about oil, we're having a war about oil now. We're shedding American blood for oil so, how are you ever going to release information that says that blood was shed for nothing because we already secretly had the answer to the whole damn problem and it didn't have to happen. The war didn't have to happen. The oil doesn't have to keep coming and American boys don't have to shed their blood (and women) over in Iraq or anywhere else for oil because we really don't need it. How is that ever going to come out? <br /><br />SG: It has to come out, and the longer we wait, the more painful these sacrifices will be, and I predict 9-11 will look like a picnic if we don't get our act together and fix this fundamental problem of very wrong-headed secrecy that has lead to an out of control, spiraling out of control, situation on this planet. And I think that the public already thinks this. You know, you don't have to go to a conspiracy theorist to have people understand that there are powerful cartels that have maintained the status quo and that there probably have been solutions to the energy issue and the environmental issue that have been kept out of the public domain because you're dealing with a five trillion dollar a year part of the global economy. So I think that this is not something that people are going to have a hard time understanding. I think, in fact, there can be another flip side of this. Part of it is the horror that you expressed which will be one reaction, but there is another reaction and that will be "Well, thank God there's a solution!" to this.<br /><br />AB: That's not a trivial reaction. That reaction would bring down governments, tear nations to shreds. Politically, socially a disaster.<br /><br />SG: It could if they don't handle it right. This is the other point. If there continues to be a resistance to letting this information come out -- you know, I had an executive producer from one of the big 3 news networks who was going to do an enormous expose on what we had found with the Disclosure project and about a year ago when we were working on this with him, he came to me and said, you know, I cannot do this piece. And this is an extremely mainstream, powerful news figure.<br /><br />AB: Time is very short. Why couldn't he do it?<br /><br />SG: He said, "They won't let me" and I said "Who are 'they'?" and he said, "Well, you know who 'they' are" and he smiled and I said,"Yes, of course, I know who they are." But the fact is that the public is going to have to relentlessly continue to do this, and there's some good news here. I've just been invited to do a 5,000 word guest article for one of the world's most prestigious foreign affairs journals.<br /><br />AB: You know what, we're going to have to end the interview on good news.<br /><br />SG: That's good news.<br /><br />AB: So, Dr. Greer, thank you for being here!<br /><br />SG: Thank you.<br /><br />AB: Hot stuff! Good night my friend!<br /><br />SG: Good night.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04641021361644318889noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2391588410225200812.post-27613584114775027332007-08-30T20:46:00.000-07:002011-07-03T00:26:24.965-07:00info for nichole pacePlanetary Association for Clean Energy Inc. (PACE) <br />Contact Us| Home| History | Publications | Network |Clean Energy Technology <br /><br /><br /><br />Publications<br />All Prices in $U.S. <br /><br />Prices in Italics = Member Price <br /><br /> emerging science <br /><br />1. ENERGY FROM THE VACUUM concepts and principles Thomas E. Bearden Understanding the electrodynamics of overunity power systems, illustrated 951 pages 105.00 94.50<br /><br />1A. FER DE LANCE Thomas E. Bearden Scalar electromagnetic technology, illustrated 500 pages 77.50 68.95 <br /><br />2. NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Proceedings A. Michrowski, editor 21 peer-reviewed developments in power generation, transmission, etc., illustrated. 326 p. 35.00 28.00<br /><br />3. BEYOND MATTER Paramahamsa Tewari, nuclear physicist, Wolfram Bahmann, editor On the substantiality of space with a single mobile entity. Clear presentation. 98 p. 20.00 16.00<br /><br />3A. TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY WITHOUT WIRES Nikola Tesla, Nobel Prize winner 1904 summary of his work and achievements in his new wireless technology 7 p. 2.50 2.25<br /><br />3B. BALL LIGHTNING & TESLA'S ELECTRIC FIREBALLS Leland I. Anderson, engineer review and overview of the electric fireball research, including related physics theories 31 p. 8.50 7.75<br /><br />3C. NIKOLA TESLA: GUIDED WEAPONS & COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY Nikola Tesla experimental work in 1902 Patent Interference re: fundamental AND logic gate, robotics, resonators 241 p. 18.95 17.00<br /><br />3D. NEW ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY Dmitry Strebkov“single wire” electric power system -SWEP 20 p. 5.95 5.00<br /><br />4A. NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LECTURE Nikola Tesla, Nobel Prize winner<br /><br />reconstructed (by Leland Anderson) April 1897 lecture on RF, X-ray techniques 132 p 12.95 11.65<br /><br />4B. THE PROBLEM OF INCREASING HUMAN ENERGY Nikola Tesla, Nobel Prize winner<br /><br />reprint of classic June 1900 Century Magazine article, with commentary, appendices 96 p. 10.00 9.00<br /><br />4C. THE HUTCHISON FILE from the Association's archives key documents, letters, notes, illustrations of the lift/disruption effect and crystal energy converter 83 p. 15.00 12.00<br /><br />4E. ENERGY: breakthroughs to new free energy devices Dan A. Davidson Offyreus, Keely, Zokwendle, Moray, whistlers, magnetics, Reich, etc. 121 p. 13.95 12.50<br /><br />4F. ENERGY: free energy, the aether and electrification Dan A. Davidson stress in zero-point energy may be electrostatics; charge theory of Fernando Sanford. 54 p. 15.00 13.50<br /><br />4G. T-FIELD ENERGY RESEARCH recent free energy research Dan A. Davidson Gary magnetic motor, Keely's acoustical decomposition of water to produce "etheric vapour" Brown's Gas 63 p. 15.00 13.50<br /><br />4H. THE THETA DEVICE and other free energy patents Dan A. DavidsonTheta device and Hyde, Pasichinskyj, Richardson, de Rivas, Subleta-Garon, O'Hare, Spence 81 p. 15.00 13.50<br /><br />4J. SHAPE POWER Dan A. Davidson how shape affects the distribution of energy, conventional and non-conventional 19.95 18.00 <br /><br />SECRETS OF THE SOIL: new solutions for restoring our planet Peter Tompkins, Christopher Bird<br /><br />innovative, nontraditional techniques from scientists, farmers. 422 p. 19.95 17.95 <br />6. BROWNS GAS REPORT George Wiseman, engineer how to design and build a Brown's Gas generator and apply it for gasoline engines, etc. 60 p. 15.00 12.00<br /><br />6A. BROWN'S GAS FILE: water as a fuel A. Michrowski, compiler description of the gas, peer-review, observations, applications, econometrics, physico-chemical research 15.00 12.00<br /><br />7. ZERO-POINT ENERGY RESEARCH: extracting energy from the void Harold E. Puthoff, physicistcurrent concepts, discoveries about a basic energy of the Universe. 49 p 12.00 10.00<br /><br />8A. NIKOLA TESLA'S TELEFORCE & TELEGEODYNAMICS PROPOSALS Leland I. Anderson, editorarchive-sealed, original proposals for the particle beam & mechanical earth resonance concept 117 p. 24.95 2250<br /><br />8B. NEW ART of projecting concentrated non-dispersive energy through natural media Nikola Teslaproposal used by US Advanced Research Projects Agency since 1961 9 p. 2.50 2.00<br />9. TESLA: free energy, the Tunguska explosion Oliver Nichelson, historical scientist review of Tesla's later work and the 1908 test firing of a directed energy weapons 71 p. 10.00 8.00 <br /><br />10. TESLA'S OSCILLATOR and FLUORESCENT TUBE DRIVER Gary L. Peterson construction kit for frequency-stable blocking oscillator for individualizing, isolating energy transmitted 14 p 5.95 5.40 <br /><br />11. ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS: reports on a new propulsion methodology Thomas Valone from T. Townsend Brown to the B-2 Stealth Bomber, aerospace electrostatics & gravity control. 130 p. 15.00 13.50<br /><br /><br />12.THE HOMOPOLAR HANDBOOK: guide to Faraday disk and N-Machine technologies Thomas Valone history, operating principles, construction details of Faraday disk/unipolar/homopolar generators. 188p. 20.00 18.00 <br /><br />13. PHYSICS UNIFIED Harold Aspden, Professor of Physics<br /><br />Definitive essay on aether physics, linking EM and Einstein's law of gravitation. 206p. 15.00 12.00<br /><br />14. THE NEW SCIENCE Wilbert B. Smith, scientist Classic discussion of spin fields, curl, scalars, and related physics. 72p. 10.00 800<br /><br /><br />15. GIANT NEGENTROPY FROM THE COMMON DIPOLE T. E. Bearden, physicist discussion of permissible open systems for the extraction of electrical energy from the vacuum. 24p 5.95 4.75<br /><br /><br />16. NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Proceedings (1st International Symposium -1981) Bearden,Carroll,Cook,DePalma,Frokjaer-Jensen,Gallimore,Holt,King,Moray,Puharich,Rauscher, Reynolds,Ruderfer,Schaffranke,Seike,Trombly,Vallée,Valone,Winfield,Zinsser. 343 p. 33.00 26.50<br /><br /><br />17. NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Proceedings (2nd International Symposium -1983 Adam,Baumgartner,Bearden,Bourgoin,Bradford,Brown,Callahan,Froning,Gibson,Golka,Harthun Hathaway,Hilscher,Jennison,Mac Neil,Moss,Obolensky,Peterson,Pezarro,Richards,Sowder,Trombly,Valone,Wallace,Winter. 197 p. 33.00 26.50<br /><br />18A. 1986 INTERNATIONAL TESLA SYMPOSIUM Proceedings 42.00 38.00<br /><br /><br />18B. 1988 INTERNATIONAL TESLA SYMPOSIUM Proceedings 42.00 38.00<br /><br /><br />18C. 1990 INTERNATIONAL TESLA SYMPOSIUM Proceedings 42.00 38.00<br /><br />Special offer: two or more Proceedings (items 2, 16 to 18C) -- less 10% discount of listed prices<br /><br /><br />19. GRAVITOBIOLOGY Thomas E. Bearden, nuclear physicist Outline of direct biological effects of "Maxwellian electromagnetics" -- scalars. 182 p. 28.00 22.50<br /><br />20. NIKOLA TESLA: on his work with alternating currents and their application to wireless telegraphy, telephony and transmission of power Leland I. Anderson, compiler legal transcript, submissions of methods, techniques, apparati used in labs + non-Hertzian waves. 237 p. 30.00 26.95<br /><br /><br />21. TESLA COIL BUILDERS' GUIDE to Colorado Springs notebook of Nikola Tesla Richard L. Hull, scientistDay-to-day analysis of Nikola Tesla high performance experiments. 129 p 35.00 28.00<br /><br />22. MEMORIES OF A MAVERICK: Andrija Puharich H. G. M. Hermansbiography from personal journal: insight into rationale and background to multidisciplinary research 200 p 19.95 18.95 <br />_____________________________________________________________________________________________<br /><br /> electromagnetic hygiene<br /><br /><br />23. EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS: the question of cancer<br /><br />Drs. Bary W. Wilson. Richard G. Stevens, Larry E. Anderson, scientistsmechanisms for cancer from ELF at atomic, molecular, cellular levels; animal and human effects. 383 p. 49.95 46.00<br /><br />24. TRACING EMFs IN BUILDING WIRING AND GROUNDING by Karl Riley practical trouble shooting with wiring & grounding remedials; instrumentation guide. 132 p. 27.00 25.00 <br /><br />25. THE VDT OPERATOR'S PROBLEM SOLVER Dr. Helen Feeley, optometrist<br /><br />guide for working with a computer screen: aging, cramps, glasses, lighting, static, rashes, ultrasound. 102 p. 12.95 8.25<br /><br /><br />26. BASIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC HYGIENE Dr. J. Kulczycki, environmental toxicologist<br /><br />EMF handbook: ELF, VLF, RF, microwave - and bioeffects; geo-magnetic, etc. Standards. 84 p. 18.50 14.50<br /><br /><br />27. THE SHARMA REPORT Dr. Hari Sharma, radiation specialist<br /><br />Classic investigation of adverse pregnancy outcomes among computer workers in a hospital. 243 p. 24.00 18.00<br /><br />28. ELECTROMAGNETIC MAN Dr. Cyril W. Smith and Simon Best, scientists Health, hazard in electrical environment. Allergic response to EMF, military involvement. 344 p. 26.50 21.50 <br /><br />29. STUDYING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH VIDEO DISPLAY SYSTEMS A. Michrowski, editor<br /><br />Technical, scientific issues, human rights, socio-mental aspects of computers. 201 p. 18.50 14.80<br /><br /><br />30. CANCER and the unresolved health issues ... T. E. Bearden, physicist EMF quarrel due to flawed conventional EM model. Rectified, bioeffects explained. 56p. 12.95 10.35<br /><br /><br />31. UNUSUAL LONG DISTANCE BIOLOGICAL, ATMOSPHERIC AND GEOPHYSICAL EFFECTS FROM UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR BOMB TESTS and NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENTS<br /><br />Suppressed scientific evidence edited by James DeMeo, Ph.D. Earthquakes, meteorological phenomena, life energy reactions in trees and humans, physiological observations. 40p. 7.75 6.25<br /><br />__________________________________________________________________________________________________<br /><br /> health<br /><br /><br />32. HEALING THE PLANET one patient at a time Jozef J. Krop, MD Environmental medicine primer: principles, fungi, chemicals, nutrition, management, resources. 354p. 18.95 16.75<br /><br /><br />33. BUILDING MATERIALS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTALLY HYPERSENSITIVE materials and their effects on air quality:180 products, test instructions, safe products suppliers list 238 p. 25.00 22.50<br /><br />34A. THE ROYAL R. RIFE REPORT Alison Davidson, compiler<br /><br />8 contributions about Royal Raymond Rife's microscope and advanced biological discoveries. 86 p. 13.95 12.50<br /><br />34B. THE RIFE WAY Mark A. Simpson, compiler & researcherR R Rife's electronic reversal of degenerative conditions guide: files, frequencies, etc. 30.00 24.00<br /><br /><br />35. CANCER: cause, cure and cover-up Ron Gdanskicancer as multiplication, microbial mutation and bodily rejection of cells intended to repair an injury. 480 p. 24.95 22.50<br /><br /><br />36. POLITICS IN HEALING: suppression and manipulation of American Medicine Daniel Haley10 successful, non-toxic cancer cures: their account and why most people do not know about them. 465 p. 24.95 22.50<br /><br />37A. THE LAKHOVSKY MULTIPLE WAVE OSCILLATOR HANDBOOK Thomas J. Brown, compilerBackground on technique for regeneration of tissue by Dr. Georges Lakhovsky. 144 p. 16.50 14.75<br />38. OSCILLATORS FOR ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS Nikola Tesla, Nobel Prize winner 1898 American Electro-therapeutics Association lecture. 10p. 5.00 4.50<br /><br /><br />39. MICROWAVE RESONANCE THERAPY S. P. Sitko, E. P Losimovich, medical scientists<br /><br />Russian & Ukrainian MRT breakthrough: theory, rationale, documentation - cure of hundreds of diseases. 167 p. 20.00 16.00<br /><br />________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br /><br /> subtle energy<br /><br /><br />41. SUBTLE ENERGY John Davidson, scientist<br /><br />Energies residing beyond perception: in natural economy and healing. Subtle effects of EMF. 288 p. 22.50 20.50<br /><br /><br />42. QUANTUM BIOLOGY: healing with subtle energy Dr. Glen Rein, microbiologist<br /><br />Bioinformation propagation, quantum potentials, scalar EM in biosystems, biopotentials; evidence. 79 p. 20.00 16.00<br /><br />42A. THE SUBTLE ENERGETIC ASPECTS OF DNA Dr. Glen Rein, microbiologist<br /><br />geometric pattern, conscious intention, focused emotional state effects on DNA replication. 39 p. 15.00 12.00<br /><br /><br />42B. THE ICELAND PAPERS Dr. Andrija Puharich, MD and scientistphysics of consciousness: Josephson, Puthoff, Rauscher, Hasted, Mattuck, de Beauregard. 191p. 20.00 16.00<br /><br />42C. THE ORIGIN OF LIFE EXPERIMENTS OF ANDRIJA PUHARICH Thomas Valone evidence of Kervran type nuclear transformations that can be reproduced in simple lab 30 p 10.00 8.00<br /><br /><br />42D. PHYSICS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: experimental & theoretical research A. Puharich geometric formalism of a unified theory of EM, nuclear forces, G and consciousness 27 p 10.00 8.00 <br />42E. BEYOND THE MIND Bernard de Montréal interdimensional aspects of mind as a communications network between worlds to acquire new reality 186 p. 20.00 18.00<br /><br />43. THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MIND AND MATTER Dr. Beverly Rubik,physicist<br /><br />Rational and scientific study of mind and consciousness. Effects of intent, attention and will.. 281 p. 19.50 17.50<br /><br /><br />44. SECRET OF THE CREATIVE VACUUM: man and the energy dance John Davidson, scientist<br /><br />link between energy, mind and consciousness in the universal creation evoked in vacuum energy. 430 p. 25.95 23.50<br /><br />45. THE WEB OF LIFE John Davidson, scientist<br /><br />neuro-endocrine connection of man's life force energetics, from mystic to microbiological domains. 408 p. 19.95 18.00<br /><br />46. RADIONICS: interface with the ether fields David V. Tansley, scientist classic study, illustrated with radionic photographs 120 p. 12.00 10.00<br /><br />46A THE DROWN H.V.R. AND RADIO-VISION INSTRUMENTS Dr. Ruth B. Drown, MD. endocrine, blood, urine analysis confirmed by Radio-Vision: 3D radionic photography apparatus. 152 p. 15.95 15.00<br /><br />47. EARTH CURRENTS: causative factor of cancer Gustav Freiheer von Pohltheir origins, detection, mitigation, bioeffects human, animal, plant. 159 p. 20.00 18.00<br /><br /><br /><br />Rare Research Information Request<br /><br />SEARCHES IN OUR ARCHIVES CAN BE MADE UPON REQUEST. A BASIC SEARCH FEE OF $ 25.00 APPLIES. COPY CHARGES ARE $ 0.10 PER PAGE. AUDIO/VIDEO CHARGES VARY. SHIPPING, FAX CHARGES ARE AT COST. <br /><br /><br />PLEASE PROVIDE INFORMATION ON: please provide specifics to narrow search<br /><br /><br />____________________________________________________________________________________________<br /><br /><br />PLEASE PROVIDE ESTIMATE FIRST 1 HEREWITH ADVANCE PAYMENT 1 please provide address, etc., at rear page unused amount will be applied against dues, or other services and products <br /><br /><br /><br />Videos & DVDs<br /><br /><br />ENERGY FROM WATER Andrija Puharich Method of decomposing water by the phonon effect with a simple thermodynamic coaxial electrode system. 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Click Here<br /><br />Related Articles- Documents & articles explaining the Hutchison Effect.<br /> ~The ULTIMATE Hutchison~<br /> Closeup Photos of the Effect <br /> Corum's 'Hutchison-Physics' <br /> George Hathaway Interview<br /> Don Adsitt's H-Effect Site<br /> The Poltergeist Machine?<br /> Harold Berndt on 'The Effect'<br /> The Hutchison File <br /> Project Venificus<br /> Mel Winfield's Nucleonic Energy<br /> Philadelphia Experiment 2006<br /><br />Video Links - Several links to streaming online video. Buy our DVD for higher quality streams:<br /> Hutchison Heavy-Mix<br /> Hutchison 2006 Remix<br /> Hutchison's 'Lost-Footage'<br /> Lost-Footage (alt-host) <br /> Hutchison 'Zero-Point' Footage<br /> Harold Berndt's 2006-Footage<br /><br />Related Sites- Official and fansites for the H-Effect.<br /> The 'Official' Hutchison Site<br /> The Hutchison Effect Online<br /><br />Audio Interviews - In-depth interviews exploring the effect:<br /> Hutchison 2004 Audio<br /> Hutchison & Ted Gagnon<br /> Ted Gagnon Audio<br /> Col. John Alexander Audio <br /><br />Contact Hutchison - To contact John Hutchison via email: Click Here<br /><br />Scalar Mechanics - Much of Tom Bearden's research in the 1980's related to scalar mechanics and Tesla-technology that might be related to the Hutchison-Effect. Click Here<br /><br />Scalar EM - When two or more Tesla coils are run in close proximity to each other, they tend to create pockets of higher and lower energy where the Hertzian waveforms intersect. Where two oscillating scalar fields meet each other, they will create an isolated "peak" that has more energy than either of the two ripples that contributed to it.<br /><br />Experiments - John Hutchison's experiments have been exceeding difficult to replicate due to the extraordinarily complex arrangement of waveforms that is seemlingly required to generate the Hutchison effect.<br /><br />Hutchison's experiments include the operation of between 5 and 6 Telsa-coils simultaneously, but also include a buffer-voltage that he applies through a variable-output DC Van De Graaf generator.<br /> <br /> Hutchison 2007 DVD-Rom<br />Over 4 Gigs of lost-footage, spectacular photos, and exclusive interviews with inventor John Hutchison. <br /> The 'Ultimate Hutchison'<br />This article documents filming the DVD, interviewing John, and offers one explanation for how the effect works. <br /> Hutchison's Lost-Footage<br />Only a rumor for nearly 20-years, now you can watch the 20-minutes of original footage from the 1980's (low-res). <br /> The Poltergeist Machine?<br />A reprint of George Hathaway's well-known speculative article about the Hutchison-effect. <br /> George Hathaway Interview<br />A brief interview with George Hathaway - Hutchison's former colleague and well-known PhD electrical engineer. <br /> Harold Berndt's H-Effect Article<br />An interesting narrative by the well-known Canadian paranormal research who filmed John in 2006. <br /> Crystal Power Cell Footage<br />Footage from a Hutchison special that explores John's claim of producing overunity crystal energy. <br /><br />If you're interested in learning more about Hutchison's crystal ZPE batteries, send him an email at: heffect@infinet.net. For a high-res WinMedia video clip of the classic 1980's experiments, click here <br /><br /> Antigravity & Levitation Effects <br /> <br /> <br /><br />The Hutchison effect has been known to cause the spontaneous levitation of a variety of common household & workshop materials. The photos above are a stop-motion display of a glass of liquid spontaneously flying out of the top of the glass. John has also levitated a 70-pound antique cannon-ball without any electrical connections during testing.<br /><br /><br /> Melts Metals at Room Temperature! <br /> <br /> <br /><br />The Hutchison-Effect jellifies metals, temporarily giving them the consistency of a putty, jelly, or sometimes even water. Detailed chemical, spectrographic, and STM analysis by Dr. George Hathaway and others shows a complete breakdown in the molecular structure of these materials that remains even after they solidify. We speculate that it may occur when high-amplitude & voltage RF waves disrupt valence electrons in solids. Closeups are from our DVD-Rom, to buy it: Click Here<br /><br /><br /> August 2005 DVD-Filming <br /> <br /> <br /><br />American Antigravity is a 501c[3] non-profit educational foundation, and in August 2005 we traveled to visit Hutchison at his residence/lab, and spent several hours shooting interview footage and closeups of his metal samples for an educational DVD-Rom. The photos above are of John and the research team, which includes American Antigravity's Tim Ventura, Seattle telecom executive Colby Harper, paranormal researcher Harold Berndt (and son Bryan), and Microsoft project-manager Mike Shafer. To purchase the DVD: Click Here<br /><br /><br /> October 2005 DVD-Filming <br /> <br /> <br /><br />Boeing engineer & HFGW expert Gary Stephenson, Harold Berndt, and Tim Ventura returned in October to obtain more interview footage and give Gary & John the opportunity to discuss potential scientific explanations for the effect. Stephenson also reviewed scientific findings by Hathaway and others, as well as spectro-analysis & STM results, and numerous letters that support Hutchison's discussion of military interest from numerous government agencies.<br /><br /> Hutchison's 'Lost-Footage'<br />The "classic" Hutchison-Effect shown in over a hundred television shows worldwide is a compilation of primarily super-8mm film-footage shot by both John Hutchison and Dr. George Hathaway during the early 1980's. It was filmed freehand, with a substantial amount of jitter and camera-play, often because John was adjusting controls with the other hand, or panning rapidly to catch an unexpected manifestation of an event. While the Hutchison Effect has been documented by television crews on many other occasions, for copyright reasons that vast majority of "classic" footage shown on-air comes from this original set of Super-8mm film reels.<br /><br />In 1991, Dr. George Hathaway - an early experimental partner of Hutchison's - transferred the Super8mm footage to video-format, and created a VHS cassette tape for posterity. This tape contains narration by Hathaway, who describes not only the effect, but also the context that it occurs in. This VHS tape has been referred to as the "Lost Footage", and contains approximately 20-minutes of original footage, along with interludes in which George Hathaway provides additional information on the effect. The "Lost Footage" is available online in Windows Media and Google Video formats, and also available on American Antigravity's Hutchison DVD-Rom in a higher bandwidth format.<br /><br /> Debunking Armchair Skeptics<br />As mentioned in Wikipedia, many armchair skeptics have presented explanations for how the footage of the Hutchison-Effect might be faked. Often cited as an example is a piece of video shot by Peter Von Puttkamer in 2003 showing what appears to be a toy UFO suspended on a string as evidence. The video, which aired in a Canadian television broadcast, includes a narrative that describes a single-wire transmission system that John was experimenting with on a particular day. It is not considered to be part of the "classic" Hutchison-Effect, and has no bearing on the veracity of experimental footage shot during the 1980's. The experiment and its intent has been often misinterpreted due to early streaming-video of the footage, which excluded the explanatory narrative.<br /><br />Another common skeptical accusation is that Hutchison is "tilting the room" (presumably an enclosure that can be rotated on it's axis without changing the camera orientation). This is provided as evidence that simple camera trickery is used to provide the antigravity & levitation effects shown in a variety of Hutchison Effect videoclips. Close examination of the original "lost footage" clearly shows, however, that Hutchison's footage is shot in a variety of areas in concrete-floored rooms, and full-length footage often shows floor-to-ceiling camera-pans that would be impossible for a mounted camera to achieve.<br /><br />To clarify for the record, the burden of proof appears to demonstrate that the Hutchison Effect is a real and demonstrable natural effect, and that Hutchison is not faking the effect for publicity, money, or other motives. <br /><br />Interviews with Dr. George Hathaway, Col. John Alexander, and television crews from Japan, Europe, and several networks in North America all verify that documented effects have been witnessed by many people at once, caught on multiple cameras (both amateur and professional), and do not involve simple trickery.<br /><br />Other skeptics have suggested that while the Effect is real, it is not a natural phemenon, but instead a "psychic" or "PK" (psychokinesis) effect. This seemingly outlandish notion is the result of a report filed by a Stanford Research Institute team in the 1980's, who were funded by INSCOM Colonel John Alexander and focused primarily on researching suspected psychic-phenomenon. <br /><br />While this team verified that the Hutchison Effect did occur, they were unable to provide a scientific explanation for it, and thus described it as being psycho-kinetic in nature. Hutchison has speculated that the effect might also have been described as PK in order to keep it from being classified by the Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) as important to national security.<br /><br /> Recent Events<br />During DVD filming by American Antigravity, we were unable to capture the H-Effect on film due to Hutchison lacking the RF-tube equipment that he used throughout the 1980's to generate the classic effect. This inability (from 1992 to 2006) to recreate the classic Hutchison Effect is in fact the reason that Hutchison was experimenting with other projects, such as the single-wire transmission system filmed by Peter Von Puttkamer. During part of this period of time, John was also under a voluntary test restriction by the local Vancouver mayor, who previously received calls from panicked neighbors during John's experiments.<br /><br />In March 2006, this situation changed when a former colleague of Hutchison's - Alex Cherechesku - moved to a new house in Vancouver, and during the move returned an original RF tube amplifier to John that had been presumed lost over a decade earlier. Hutchison immediately began new experimentation, and during filming with well-known Canadian paranormal investigator Harold Berndt, was able to demonstrate several hundred pounds of equipment slam itself into an apartment wall with no apparent causal force. American Antigravity plans a return trip to attempt to capture the effect hopefully before the end of the year in 2007.<br /><br /> Recent Speculation<br />PhD Electrical Engineer James Corum co-authored a paper in 1981 with graduate-student Terry Keech where they analyzed how the metric tensor & gravity would be modified for a time-varying electric charge. The calculations that they derived & published suggest that a time-varying electric-charge can produce a 'gravitational repulsion' or negative gravitational-mass. Click Here<br /><br />International Journal of Theoretical Physics (IJTP); Volume 20, 1981, pp. 63-68; Terry Keech and James Corum "New Derivation for the field of a time-varying charge in Einstein's Field-Theory".<br /><br />Dr. George Hathaway and American Antigravity's Tim Ventura believe that the jellification effects demonstrated by Hutchison may come from a disruption of valence-electron binding by resonant RF interference. <br /><br />Ventura has designed an experiment to potentially verify this theory by recording the Hutchison Effect on an active sample using a logging multimeter, and then re-apply the same complex RF signal to the same signal at a later time using a linear-amplifier to match the original amplitude. Thus, while the original effect requires a complex arrangement of RF and high-voltage equipment to produce, it may be reproduced with a very simplistic and well-understood apparatus, verifying that a specific resonant signal is what causes the effect, and not psychokinetic or other causal factors.<br /><br />Another notable factor has come to light since 2005 that also may play an important role in explaining the effect. Hutchison notes that the jellification effect begins in the middle of his sample (lengthwise), at least in the of long aluminum, brass, and steel bars. This may indicate that the length of the sample plays a role in coupling the RF signal that creates the effect to a specific sample.<br /><br /> Contact Information<br />To get in touch with John Hutchison, please send him an email at: heffect@infinet.net<br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><a href="http://www.americanantigravity.com"></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04641021361644318889noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2391588410225200812.post-1890075418084206262007-08-29T13:28:00.000-07:002011-07-03T00:26:24.968-07:00pyroelectrical• Ten things you didn't know about Wikipedia • Pyroelectricity<br />From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />Jump to: navigation, search<br />Pyroelectricity is the ability of certain materials to generate an electrical potential when they are heated or cooled. As a result of this change in temperature, positive and negative charges move to opposite ends through migration (i.e. the material becomes polarized) and hence, an electrical potential is established.<br /><br />Contents [hide]<br />1 Explanation <br />2 History <br />3 The pyroelectric crystal classes <br />4 Recent developments <br />5 References <br />6 See also <br /> <br /><br /><br />[edit] Explanation<br />Pyroelectricity can be visualized as one side of a triangle, where each corner represents energy states in the crystal: kinetic, electrical and thermal energy. The side between electrical and thermal corners represents the pyroelectric effect and produces no kinetic energy. The side between kinetic and electrical corners represents the piezoelectric effect and produces no heat.<br /><br />Although artificial pyroelectric materials have been engineered, the effect was first discovered in minerals such as quartz and tourmaline and other ionic crystals. The pyroelectric effect is also present in both bone and tendon. The name is derived from the Greek pyr, fire, and electricity.<br /><br />Pyroelectric charge in minerals develops on the opposite faces of asymmetric crystals. The direction in which the propagation of the charge tends toward is usually constant throughout a pyroelectric material, but in some materials this direction can be changed by a nearby electric field. These materials are said to exhibit ferroelectricity. All pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric, the two properties being closely related.<br /><br />Very small changes in temperature can produce an electric potential due to a materials' pyroelectricity. Passive infrared sensors are often designed around pyroelectric materials, as the heat of a human or animal from several feet away is enough to generate a difference in charge.<br /><br /><br />[edit] History<br />The first reference to the pyroelectric effect is in writings by Theophrastus in 314 BC, who noted that tourmaline attracted bits of straw and ash when heated. Tourmaline's properties were reintroduced in Europe in 1707 by Johann Georg Schmidt, who also noted the attractive properties of the mineral when heated. Pyroelectricity was first described -- although not named as such -- by Louis Lemery in 1717. In 1747 Linnaeus first related the phenomenon to electricity, although this was not proven until 1756 by Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus.<br /><br />Research in pyroelectricity became more sophisticated in the 19th century. In 1824 Sir David Brewster gave the effect the name it has today. Both William Thomson in 1878 and Woldemar Voigt in 1897 helped develop a theory for the processes behind pyroelectricity. Pierre Curie and his brother, Jacques Curie, studied pyroelectricity in the 1880s, leading to their discovery of some of the mechanisms behind piezoelectricity. Pyroelectricity is definitely not a new concept, but research and application of the useful property continues to this day.<br /><br /><br />[edit] The pyroelectric crystal classes<br />Crystal structures can be divided into 32 classes, or point groups, according to the number of rotational axes and reflection planes they exhibit that leave the crystal structure unchanged. Of the thirty-two crystal classes, twenty-one are non-centrosymmetric (not having a centre of symmetry), and of these, twenty exhibit direct piezoelectricity the remaining one being the cubic class 432. Ten of these are polar (i.e. spontaneously polarise), having a dipole in their unit cell, and exhibit pyroelectricity. If this dipole can be reversed by the application of an electric field, the material is said to be ferroelectric. Twenty of the 32 crystal classes are piezoelectric. All 20 piezoelectric classes lack a center of symmetry. Any material develops a dielectric polarization when an electric field is applied, but a substance which has such a natural charge separation even in the absence of a field is called a polar material. Whether or not a material is polar is determined solely by its crystal structure. Only 10 of the 32 point groups are polar. All polar crystals are pyroelectric, so the 10 polar crystal classes are sometimes referred to as the pyroelectric classes.<br /><br />Piezoelectric Crystal Classes: 1, 2, m, 222, mm2, 4, -4, 422, 4mm, -42m, 3, 32, 3m, 6, -6, 622, 6mm, -62m, 23, -43m<br /><br />Pyroelectric: 1, 2, m, mm2, 3, 3m, 4, 4mm, 6, 6mm<br /><br />The property of pyroelectricity is the measured change in net polarization (a vector) proportional to a change in temperature. The total pyroelectric coefficient measured at constant stress is the sum of the pyroelectric coefficients at constant strain (primary pyroelectric effect) and the piezoelectric contribution from thermal expansion (secondary pyroelectric effect). Under normal circumstances, even polar materials do not display a net dipole moment. As a consequence there are no electric dipole equivalents of bar magnets because the intrinsic dipole moment is neutralized by "free" electric charge that builds up on the surface by internal conduction or from the ambient atmosphere. Polar crystals only reveal their nature when perturbed in some fashion that momentarily upsets the balance with the compensating surface charge.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Recent developments<br />Progress has been made in creating artificial pyroelectric materials, usually in the form of a thin film, out of gallium nitride (GaN), caesium nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyrazine, and cobalt phthalocyanine. (See pyroelectric crystals.) Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) is a crystal exhibiting both piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties, which has been used to create small-scale nuclear fusion ("pyroelectric fusion"). [1]<br /><br /><br />[edit] References<br />Lang, Sidney B., 2005, "Pyroelectricity: From Ancient Curiosity to Modern Imaging Tool," Physics Today, Vol 60, p.31 [2] <br />Gautschi, Gustav, 2002, Piezoelectric Sensorics, Springer, ISBN 3540422595 [3] <br /><br />[edit] See also<br />Pyroelectric crystal <br />Pyroelectric fusion <br />The opposite effect is called electrocaloric effect <br />Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroelectricity"<br />Categories: Thermodynamics | Electrical phenomena<br />ViewsArticle Discussion Edit this page History Personal toolsSign in / create account Navigation<br />Main page <br />Contents <br />Featured content <br />Current events <br />Random article <br />interaction<br />About Wikipedia <br />Community portal <br />Recent changes <br />Contact Wikipedia <br />Donate to Wikipedia <br />Help <br />Search<br /> Toolbox<br />What links here <br />Related changes <br />Upload file <br />Special pages <br />Printable version <br />Permanent link<br />Cite this article <br />In other languages<br />Deutsch <br />فارسی <br />Français <br />Nederlands <br />Română <br />Svenska <br />Українська <br /><br />This page was last modified 13:07, 17 August 2007. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) <br />Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a US-registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.<br />Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers <br />Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running!Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04641021361644318889noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2391588410225200812.post-65183408270987962182007-08-29T13:18:00.000-07:002011-07-03T00:26:24.968-07:00petro electrical<a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXVqgtE_8I/AAAAAAAAFBQ/yqNIXpmBeKM/s1600-h/petrohead.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXVqgtE_8I/AAAAAAAAFBQ/yqNIXpmBeKM/s400/petrohead.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104220679004553154" /></a><br /><a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXVqgtE_9I/AAAAAAAAFBY/aGMpjbHFy3A/s1600-h/residential-solar.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXVqgtE_9I/AAAAAAAAFBY/aGMpjbHFy3A/s400/residential-solar.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104220679004553170" /></a><br /><a href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXVqwtE_-I/AAAAAAAAFBg/uwRzP3p7VPo/s1600-h/tesla_coil1.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXVqwtE_-I/AAAAAAAAFBg/uwRzP3p7VPo/s400/tesla_coil1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104220683299520482" /></a><br /> Search: The Web Angelfire <br /> Report Abuse « Previous | Top 100 | Next » <br /> share: del.icio.us | digg | reddit | furl | facebook <br /><br /><br /><br />Thomas Townsend Brown discovered another effect which may be related to the electrogravitic effects observed upon condensers at high voltage. He noted that certain dielectrics, and most notably certain types of igneous rocks, exhibited a weak electrical potential. Through testing, he discerned that this is was neither piezoelectric (pressure induced voltage), or pyroelectric (heat-change induced voltage), but petrovoltaic. This is to say that there was a continuous, steady voltage across the rock, which changed very slowly, according to the lunar cycle, positions of stars, position of the sun, and such like.<br /><br />For a background on petrovoltaics, (in PDF format, so please be patient with loading times) please click here<br /><br />Brown spent time in the seventies on Hawaii, testing what he called his "geophysical sensors". These were foot-long cores of Hawaiian "Koolau Basalt" which had electrodes painted on, and then were electrically isolated. There were placed at various locations on the islands to locate regional differences in the noted effect. In my replication, I have been lucky enough to procure some of the same type of rock, though likely not identical, from Rick Monteverde, to whom credit for this experiment must go. The phases intended for this project are as follows:<br /><br /><br />Establish the existence of such an effect<br /><br />Isolate this from the influences of pressure and heat and other interference<br /><br />Determine best materials for this effect, and determine if it can be put to useful work<br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />The first and second sections are all that I have attempted so far, and have only been able to draw preliminary conclusions...... <br /><br />I received my rocks from Hawaii, and was informed that they had been boiled to kill off any parasites therein. This is good for customs and excise, but also because it removes any surface residues. I received one large slice of a core, about three inches in diameter, and a quarter inch thick. I also received some loose rocks:<br /><br /><br /><br />The rock collection<br />To begin with, the experimental setup was very simple, I only wished to determine whether or not there was indeed a voltage across the rocks, without a load or any other kind of circuit - just the rock. I used a small multimeter to record my findings, sensitive down to one millivolt. The meter is a Hilka 90030013 High Safety DMM.<br /><br /><br /><br />My multimeter<br />To test, I spread a small amount of hydrogel (pH 7) on each face of the rock to be tested, and connected the voltmeter across it. I was very careful to position the rock so that there was no possible compression of it by my pushing the electrodes. The electrodes did not touch the rock, but were inserted into the hydrogel blobs on either face of the rock. The results were mixed............<br /><br /><br />From what I could see, the results observed seemed to be a combination of the piezoelectric effect, and another effect, which mught possibly be the petroelectric. At first, I had simply held the electrodes to the rocks with my hands, and though the metal tips of the probes never touched the rocks directly (they were in the hydrogel blobs), there might have been minute pressure changes. Usually, each of the small rocks delivered a voltage of 30-50 millivolts upon first contact, which then slowly tailed off. This is to be expected from a piezo effect, but not all of the rocks totally levelled off to nothing. Two or three of them levelled at around 12 millivolts, then remained there, even after twelve hours had elapsed.<br /><br />The core slice seemed to be "dead", though I did not try all possible connections. The most crucial failure of this test it that I could not generate the super-resistances which Brown used - I was simply measuring the free-floating potential of the rock. Despite this, when I hooked up the rocks to the meter with tape to hold the electrodes in place so there could be no change in pressure - thus ruling out piezoelectricity, the small voltage remained. Some of the rocks still remained dead, whereas some continued to produce the tiny voltages noted above.<br /><br />For all this, and having more or less ruled out piezoelectric effects, I still cannot rule out a chemical reaction or some kind of thermal effect. As Rick Monteverde said, the results proved inconclusive. All I am capable of saying is that certain types and shapes of rocks produce a small measurable voltage which is independent of the pressure on the rock. <br /><br /><br />Site SponsorsAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04641021361644318889noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2391588410225200812.post-63887232587020971232007-08-29T13:14:00.000-07:002011-07-03T00:26:24.969-07:00heat engines<a href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXULQtE_6I/AAAAAAAAFBA/JeuifHsG4A8/s1600-h/nicky.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXULQtE_6I/AAAAAAAAFBA/JeuifHsG4A8/s400/nicky.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104219042622013346" /></a><br /><a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXULgtE_7I/AAAAAAAAFBI/71t-Htbfro0/s1600-h/nicky5.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXULgtE_7I/AAAAAAAAFBI/71t-Htbfro0/s400/nicky5.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104219046916980658" /></a><br />• Ten things you didn't know about Wikipedia • Heat engine<br />From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />Jump to: navigation, search<br /> Energy Portal <br />A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. The mechanical output is called work, and the thermal energy input is called heat. Heat engines typically run on a specific thermodynamic cycle. Heat engines are often named after the thermodynamic cycle they are modeled by. They often pick up alternate names, such as gasoline/petrol, turbine, or steam engines. Heat engines can generate heat inside the engine itself or it can absorb heat from an external source. Heat engines can be open to the atmospheric air or sealed and closed off to the outside (Open or closed cycle).<br /><br />In engineering and thermodynamics, a heat engine performs the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work by exploiting the temperature gradient between a hot "source" and a cold "sink". Heat is transferred from the source, through the "working body" of the engine, to the sink, and in this process some of the heat is converted into work by exploiting the properties of a working substance (usually a gas or liquid).<br /><br /> <br />Figure 1: Heat engine diagramContents [hide]<br />1 Overview <br />2 Everyday examples <br />3 Examples of heat engines <br />3.1 Phase change cycles <br />3.2 Gas only cycles <br />3.3 Liquid only cycles <br />3.4 Electron cycles <br />3.5 Magnetic cycles <br />3.6 Cycles used for refrigeration <br />4 Efficiency <br />5 Other criteria of heat engine performance <br />6 Heat engine enhancements <br />7 Heat engine processes <br />8 References <br />9 See also <br />10 External links <br /> <br /><br /><br />[edit] Overview<br />Heat engines are often confused with the cycles they attempt to mimic. Typically when describing the physical device the term 'engine' is used. When describing the model the term 'cycle' is used.<br /><br />In thermodynamics, heat engines are often modeled using a standard engineering model such as the Otto cycle (4-stroke/2-stroke). Actual data from an operating engine, one is called an indicator diagram, is used to refine the model. All modern implementations of heat engines do not exactly match the thermodynamic cycle they are modeled by. One could say that the thermodynamic cycle is an ideal case of the mechanical engine. One could equally say that the model doesn't quite perfectly match the mechanical engine. However, understanding is gained from the simplified models, and ideal cases they may represent.<br /><br />In general terms, the larger the difference in temperature between the hot source and the cold sink, the larger is the potential thermal efficiency of the cycle. On Earth, the cold side of any heat engine is limited to close to the ambient temperature of the environment, or not much lower than 300 kelvins, so most efforts to improve the thermodynamic efficiencies of various heat engines focus on increasing the temperature of the source, within material limits.<br /><br />The efficiency of various heat engines proposed or used today ranges from 3 percent [1](97 percent waste heat) for the OTEC ocean power proposal through 25 percent for most automotive engines, to 45 percent for a supercritical coal plant, to about 60 percent for a steam-cooled combined cycle gas turbine. All of these processes gain their efficiency (or lack thereof) due to the temperature drop across them.<br /><br />OTEC uses the temperature difference of ocean water on the surface and ocean water from the depths, a small difference of perhaps 25 degrees Celsius, and so the efficiency must be low. The combined cycle gas turbines use natural-gas fired burners to heat air to near 1530 degrees Celsius, a difference of a large 1500 degrees Celsius, and so the efficiency can be large when the steam-cooling cycle is added in. [2]<br /><br /><br />[edit] Everyday examples<br />Examples of everyday heat engines include: the steam engine, the diesel engine, and the gasoline (petrol) engine in an automobile. A common toy that is also a heat engine is a drinking bird. All of these familiar heat engines are powered by the expansion of heated gases. The general surroundings are the heat sink, providing relatively cool gases which, when heated, expand rapidly to drive the mechanical motion of the engine.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Examples of heat engines<br />It is important to note that although some cycles have a typical combustion location (internal external), they often can be implemented as the other combustion cycle. For example, John Ericsson developed an external heated engine running on a cycle very much like the earlier Diesel cycle. In addition, the externally heated engines can often be implemented in open or closed cycles.<br /><br />What this boils down to is there are thermodynamic cycles and a large number of ways of implementing them with mechanical devices called engines.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Phase change cycles<br />In these cycles and engines, the working fluids are gases and liquids. The engine converts the working fluid from a gas to a liquid.<br /><br />Rankine cycle (classical steam engine) <br />Regenerative cycle (steam engine more efficient than Rankine cycle) <br />Vapor to liquid cycle (Drinking bird) <br />Liquid to solid cycle (Frost heaving — water changing from ice to liquid and back again can lift rock up to 60 m.) <br />Solid to gas cycle (Dry ice cannon — Dry ice sublimes to gas.) <br /><br />[edit] Gas only cycles<br />In these cycles and engines the working fluid are always like gas:<br /><br />Carnot cycle (Carnot heat engine) <br />Ericsson Cycle (Caloric Ship John Ericsson) <br />Stirling cycle (Stirling engine, thermoacoustic devices) <br />Internal combustion engine (ICE): <br />Otto cycle (eg. Gasoline/Petrol engine, high-speed diesel engine) <br />Diesel cycle (eg. low-speed diesel engine) <br />Atkinson Cycle (Atkinson Engine) <br />Brayton cycle or Joule cycle originally Ericsson Cycle (gas turbine) <br />Lenoir cycle (e.g., pulse jet engine) <br />Miller cycle <br /><br />[edit] Liquid only cycles<br />In these cycles and engines the working fluid are always like liquid:<br /><br />Stirling Cycle (Malone engine) <br /><br />[edit] Electron cycles<br />Thermoelectric (Peltier-Seebeck effect) <br />Thermionic emission <br />Thermotunnel cooling <br /><br />[edit] Magnetic cycles<br />Thermo-magnetic motor (Tesla) <br /><br />[edit] Cycles used for refrigeration<br />A refrigerator is a heat pump: a heat engine in reverse. Work is used to create a heat differential. Many cycles can run in reverse to move heat from the cold side to the hot side, making the cold side cooler and the hot side hotter. Internal combustion engine versions of these cycles are, by their nature, not reversible.<br /><br />Vapor-compression refrigeration <br />Stirling cryocooler <br />Gas-absorption refrigerator <br />Air cycle machine <br />Vuilleumier refrigeration <br /><br />[edit] Efficiency<br />The efficiency of a heat engine relates how much useful power is output for a given amount of heat energy input.<br /><br />From the laws of thermodynamics:<br /><br /> <br />where <br />dW = − PdV is the work extracted from the engine. (It is negative since work is done by the engine.) <br />dQh = ThdSh is the heat energy taken from the high temperature system. (It is negative since heat is extracted from the source, hence ( − dQh) is positive.) <br />dQc = TcdSc is the heat energy delivered to the cold temperature system. (It is positive since heat is added to the sink.) <br />In other words, a heat engine absorbs heat energy from the high temperature heat source, converting part of it to useful work and delivering the rest to the cold temperature heat sink.<br /><br />In general, the efficiency of a given heat transfer process (whether it be a refrigerator, a heat pump or an engine) is defined informally by the ratio of "what you get" to "what you put in."<br /><br />In the case of an engine, one desires to extract work and puts in a heat transfer.<br /><br /> <br />The theoretical maximum efficiency of any heat engine depends only on the temperatures it operates between. This efficiency is usually derived using an ideal imaginary heat engine such as the Carnot heat engine, although other engines using different cycles can also attain maximum efficiency. Mathematically, this is due to the fact that in reversible processes, the change in entropy of the cold reservoir is the negative of that of the hot reservoir (i.e., dSc = − dSh), keeping the overall change of entropy zero. Thus:<br /><br /> <br />where Th is the absolute temperature of the hot source and Tc that of the cold sink, usually measured in kelvin. Note that dSc is positive while dSh is negative; in any reversible work-extracting process, entropy is overall not increased, but rather is moved from a hot (high-entropy) system to a cold (low-entropy one), decreasing the entropy of the heat source and increasing that of the heat sink.<br /><br />The reasoning behind this being the maximal efficiency goes as follows. It is first assumed that if a more efficient heat engine than a Carnot engine is possible, then it could be driven in reverse as a heat pump. Mathematical analysis can be used to show that this assumed combination would result in a net decrease in entropy. Since, by the second law of thermodynamics, this is forbidden, the Carnot efficiency is a theoretical upper bound on the efficiency of any process.<br /><br />Empirically, no engine has ever been shown to run at a greater efficiency than a Carnot cycle heat engine.<br /><br /> <br />Figure 2: Carnot cycle efficiency <br />Figure 3: Carnot cycle efficiencyHere are two plots, Figure 2 and Figure 3, for the Carnot cycle efficiency. One plot indicates how the cycle efficiency changes with an increase in the heat addition temperature for a constant compressor inlet temperature, while the other indicates how the cycle efficiency changes with an increase in the heat rejection temperature for a constant turbine inlet temperature.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Other criteria of heat engine performance<br />One problem with the ideal Carnot efficiency as a criterion of heat engine performance is the fact that by its nature, any maximally-efficient Carnot cycle must operate at an infinitesimal temperature gradient. This is due to the fact that any transfer of heat between two bodies at differing temperatures is irreversible, and therefore the Carnot efficiency expression only applies in the infinitesimal limit. The major problem with that is that the object of most heat engines is to output some sort of power, and infinitesimal power is usually not what is being sought.<br /><br />A different measure of heat engine efficiency is given by the endoreversible process, which is identical to the Carnot cycle except in that the two processes of heat transfer are not reversible. As derived in Callen (1985), the efficiency for such a process is given by:<br /><br /> <br />This model does a better job of predicting how well real-world heat engines can do, as can be seen in the following table (Callen):<br /><br />Efficiencies of Power Plants Power Plant Tc (°C) Th (°C) η (Carnot) η (Endoreversible) η (Observed) <br />West Thurrock (UK) coal-fired power plant 25 565 0.64 0.40 0.36 <br />CANDU (Canada) nuclear power plant 25 300 0.48 0.28 0.30 <br />Larderello (Italy) geothermal power plant 80 250 0.33 0.178 0.16 <br /><br />As shown, the endoreversible efficiency much more closely models the observed data.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Heat engine enhancements<br />Engineers have studied the various heat engine cycles extensively in an effort to improve the amount of usable work they could extract from a given power source. The Carnot Cycle limit cannot be reached with any gas-based cycle, but engineers have worked out at least two ways to possibly go around that limit, and one way to get better efficiency without bending any rules.<br /><br />1) Increase the temperature difference in the heat engine. The simplest way to do this is to increase the hot side temperature, and is the approach used in modern combined-cycle gas turbines. Unfortunately, NOx production and material limits (melting the turbine blades) place a hard limit to how hot you can make a workable heat engine. Modern gas turbines are about as hot as they can become and still maintain acceptable NOx pollution levels. Another way of increasing efficiency is to lower the output temperature. Once new method of doing so is to use mixed chemical working fluids, and then exploit the changing behavior of the mixtures. One of the most famous is the so-called Kalina Cycle, which uses a 70/30 mix of ammonia and water as its working fluid. This mixture allows the cycle to generate useful power at considerably lower temperatures than most other processes.<br /><br />2) Exploit the physical properties of the working fluid. The most common such exploit is the use of water above the so-called critical point, or so-called supercritical steam. The behavior of fluids above their critical point changes radically, and with materials such as water and carbon dioxide it is possible to exploit those changes in behavior to extract greater thermodynamic efficiency from the heat engine, even if it is using a fairly conventional Brayton or Rankine cycle. A newer and very promising material for such applications is CO2. SO2 and xenon have also been considered for such applications, although SO2 is a little toxic for most.<br /><br />3) Exploit the chemical properties of the working fluid. A fairly new and novel exploit is to use exotic working fluids with advantageous chemical properties. One such is nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a toxic component of smog, which has a natural dimer as di-nitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4). At low temperature, the N2O4 is compressed and then heated. The increasing temperature causes each N2O4 to break apart into two NO2 molecules. This lowers the molecular weight of the working fluid, which drastically increases the efficiency of the cycle. Once the NO2 has expanded through the turbine, it is cooled by the heat sink, which causes it to recombine into N2O4. This is then fed back to the compressor for another cycle. Such species as aluminum bromide (Al2Br6), NOCl, and Ga2I6 have all been investigated for such uses. To date, their drawbacks have not warranted their use, despite the efficiency gains that can be realized. [3]<br /><br /><br />[edit] Heat engine processes<br />Cycle/Process Compression Heat Addition Expansion Heat Rejection <br />Power cycles normally with external combustion <br />Carnot isentropic isothermal isentropic isothermal <br />Stirling isothermal isometric isothermal isometric <br />Ericsson isothermal isobaric isothermal isobaric <br />Power cycles normally with internal combustion <br />Otto (Petrol) adiabatic isometric adiabatic isometric <br />Diesel adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isometric <br />Brayton (Jet) adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isobaric <br /><br />Each process is one of the following:<br /><br />isothermal (at constant temperature, maintained with heat added or removed from a heat source or sink) <br />isobaric (at constant pressure) <br />isometric/isochoric (at constant volume) <br />adiabatic (no heat is added or removed from the system during adiabatic process) <br /><br />[edit] References<br />^ en:Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion <br />^ U.S. Department of Energy • Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laborator: Advanced Turbine Systems. Advancing The Gas Turbine Power Industry <br />^ Nuclear Reactors Concepts and Thermodynamic Cycles <br />Kroemer, Herbert; Kittel, Charles (1980). Thermal Physics, 2nd ed., W. H. Freeman Company. ISBN 0-7167-1088-9. <br />Callen, Herbert B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. ISBN 0-471-86256-8. <br /><br />[edit] See also<br />Reciprocating engine for a general description of the mechanics of piston engines <br />Heat pump <br />Carnot heat engine <br />Timeline of heat engine technology <br />Heat engine classifications <br />[show] Thermodynamic cycles <br />Cycles normally with external combustion <br />Gas cycles without phasechange - hot air engine cycles <br />Bell Coleman cycle · Brayton/Joule cycle; (Externally heated) · Carnot cycle <br /> · Stirling cycle · Pseudo Stirling cycle is same as Adiabatic Stirling cycle [1] [2]<br /> · Ericsson cycle · Stoddard cycle · Ported constant volume cycle [3]<br /> · Vuilleumier cycle<br /> <br />Cycles with phasechange <br />Kalina cycle · Rankine cycle · Regenerative cycle · Two phased Stirling cycle [4] <br />Cycles normally with internal combustion <br />Atkinson cycle · Brayton/Joule cycle · Diesel cycle · Otto cycle · Lenoir cycle · Miller cycle <br />Cycle mixing <br />Combined cycle · HEHC cycle [5][6] · Mixed/Dual Cycle <br />Not categorized <br />Claude cycle [7] · Fickett-Jacobs cycle · Gifford-McMahon cycle [8] · Hirn cycle <br /> · Humphrey cycle · Linde-Hampson cycle<br /> <br />[show]Heat engine types/configurations using thermodynamic cycles (Power cycles) <br />Stroke number and stroke parting <br />Crower six stroke · Four-stroke cycle · Scuderi Split Cycle Engine · One-stroke cycle · Six stroke engine · Two-stroke cycle <br />Different work volume types (incl. Pistonless rotary engine) <br />Britalus Rotary Engine · Combustion chamber · Controlled Combustion Engine · Jet engine · Orbital engine · Piston engine · Quasiturbine · Rocket engine · Swing-piston engine · Toroidal engine · Trochilic engine · Tschudi engine · Twingle engine · Wankel engine <br />Different work volume ports and main forms of valves <br />Cylinder head porting · D slide valve · Four-stroke cycle engine valves · Manifold · Multi-valve · Piston valve · Poppet valve · Rocket engine nozzles · Sleeve valve <br />Different pistons layouts <br />Bourke engine · Delta engine · Double acting/differential cylinder · Opposed piston engine · Radial engine · Rotary engine · Single cylinder engine · Stelzer engine · Straight engine <br />Different main rotational motion mechanisms or arc to (or even almost) pistons back-and-forth. <br />Sector straight-line linkage [9] · Connecting rod · Coomber Rotary Engine [10] · Crank Substitute Engine [11] · Crankshaft · Evans linkage [12] · Cam · Parallel motion · Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage · Piston rod · QRMC Stirling/HydraLink [13] · Revolving Cylinder Engine [14] · Rhombic drive · Scotch yoke · Swashplate · Swashplate engine · Watt's linkage <br />One-way stop-and-go like rotational motion mechanisms to rotation. <br />Toroidal engine · Trochilic engine <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />[edit] External links<br />Heat Engine <br />Webarchive backup: Refrigeration Cycle Citat: "...The refrigeration cycle is basically the Rankine cycle run in reverse..." <br />Red Rock Energy Solar Heliostats: Heat Engine Projects Citat: "...Choosing a Heat Engine..." <br />Overview of heat engine types <br />The rotary piston array machine <br />The gyroscope combustion motor <br />The external combustion air engine <br />Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine"<br />Categories: Fundamental physics concepts | Heat | Energy conversion | HVAC | Thermodynamics<br />ViewsArticle Discussion Edit this page History Personal toolsSign in / create account Navigation<br />Main page <br />Contents <br />Featured content <br />Current events <br />Random article <br />interaction<br />About Wikipedia <br />Community portal <br />Recent changes <br />Contact Wikipedia <br />Donate to Wikipedia <br />Help <br />Search<br /> Toolbox<br />What links here <br />Related changes <br />Upload file <br />Special pages <br />Printable version <br />Permanent link<br />Cite this article <br />In other languages<br />Česky <br />Dansk <br />Deutsch <br />Eesti <br />Español <br />Français <br />한국어 <br />Bahasa Indonesia <br />Italiano <br />עברית <br />Lietuvių <br />Magyar <br />Nederlands <br />日本語 <br />Norsk (bokmål) <br />Polski <br />Русский <br />Simple English <br />Slovenščina <br />Svenska <br />தமிழ் <br />ไทย <br />Українська <br />中文 <br /><br />This page was last modified 13:18, 26 August 2007. 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(See Copyrights for details.) <br />Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a US-registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.<br />Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers <br />Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running!Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04641021361644318889noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2391588410225200812.post-73026555565870651442007-08-29T13:11:00.001-07:002011-07-03T00:26:24.970-07:00solar<a href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXTKAtE_4I/AAAAAAAAFAw/v2ED8KA_Fo4/s1600-h/!cid_010c01c7e442%249c494350%242DDAD793%40halina2xr13f6g.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXTKAtE_4I/AAAAAAAAFAw/v2ED8KA_Fo4/s400/!cid_010c01c7e442%249c494350%242DDAD793%40halina2xr13f6g.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104217921635549058" /></a><br /><a href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXTKAtE_5I/AAAAAAAAFA4/UL9uNomMMGw/s1600-h/!cid_011001c7e442%249c494350%242DDAD793%40halina2xr13f6g.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXTKAtE_5I/AAAAAAAAFA4/UL9uNomMMGw/s400/!cid_011001c7e442%249c494350%242DDAD793%40halina2xr13f6g.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104217921635549074" /></a><br /> <br /> <br />Search Help More Search Options Search<br /><br /> <br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> EERE Information Center <br /> Printable Version <br />Photovoltaic Basics<br />Have you ever wondered how electricity is produced by a photovoltaic — what we often call a PV or solar electric — system? We'll help you understand by covering the basics of PV technology, which includes the underlying physics, how various PV devices are designed and become fully functional systems, and what's happening today in PV research and development.<br /><br />The Solar Energy Technologies Program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and its partners are adding to our fundamental knowledge and expertise in this area while improving the technologies that put the abundant energy of sunlight to work for us.<br /><br />To help you delve further into this fascinating topic, we've compiled additional information sources at the bottom of many of these pages that will direct you to other pages within our own Web site, as well as to other helpful Web sites. While perusing this material, you may wonder what a specific term means. If so, visit our solar glossary for a comprehensive listing of renewable energy and electrical terms.<br /><br />PV Physics<br />In this section, you'll learn how sunlight can be converted into electricity. We'll explain the basics by using crystalline silicon as a common PV material to illustrate some fundamental principles. You'll understand what's going on at the atomic level when sunlight shines on a solar cell. We'll also review some basic aspects of light itself.<br /><br />PV Devices<br />Solar materials need to have certain important qualities. You'll first learn what these characteristics are. Then we'll describe the major families of PV materials currently being developed, including various types of silicon, thin films, and new concepts. Finally, we'll show you how we design these materials to be used with other materials to become useful solar cells.<br /><br />PV Systems<br />Here, you'll learn how solar cells are combined to become a larger photovoltaic system. You'll discover that PV systems come in two basic designs — flat-plate and concentrator systems. Other components, known as balance-of-system equipment, make the entire system fully functional to supply electricity to important energy applications.<br /><br />Energy Payback Times for Photovoltaic Technologies<br />Energy payback time (EPBT) is the length of deployment required for a photovoltaic system to generate an amount of energy equal to the total energy that went into its production. Roof-mounted photovoltaic systems have impressively low energy payback times, as documented by recent (year 2004) engineering studies. The value of EPBT is dependent on three factors: (i) the conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic system; (ii) the amount of illumination (insolation) that the system receives (about 1700 kWh/m2/yr average for southern Europe and about 1800 kWh/m2/yr average for the United States); and (iii) the manufacturing technology that was used to make the photovoltaic (solar) cells.<br /><br />With respect to the third factor, i.e., manufacturing technology, there are three generic approaches for manufacturing commercial solar cells. The most common approach is to process discrete cells on wafers sawed from silicon ingots. Ingots can be either single-crystal or multicrystalline. However, in either case, the growing and sawing of ingots is a highly energy intensive process. A more recent approach which saves energy is to process discrete cells on silicon wafers cut from multicrystalline ribbons. The third approach involves the deposition of thin layers of non-crystalline-silicon materials on inexpensive substrates. It is the least energy intensive of the three generic manufacturing approaches for commercial photovoltaics. This last group of technologies includes amorphous silicon cells deposited on stainless-steel ribbon, cadmium telluride (CdTe) cells deposited on glass, and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) alloy cells deposited on either glass or stainless steel substrates.<br /><br />Recent research has established battery-free, grid-tied EPBT system values for several (year 2004-early 2005) photovoltaic module technologies (see Table 1). In Table 1, the values in the last column are the reciprocals of the respective values in the third column. It is seen that, even for the most energy intensive of these four common photovoltaic technologies, the energy required for producing the system does not exceed 10% of the total energy generated by the system during its anticipated operational lifetime. Future research will extend the table to include amorphous silicon and CIGS alloys.<br /><br />Table 1. System Energy Payback Times for Several Different Photovoltaic Module Technologies.<br /><br />(1700 kWh/m2/yr insolation and 75% performance ratio for the system compared to the module.)<br /><br />Cell Technology Energy Payback Time (EPBT)1 (yr) Energy Used to Produce System Compared to Total Generated<br />Energy 2 (%) Total Energy Generated by System Divided by Amount of Energy Used to Produce System2 <br />Single-crystal silicon 2.7 10.0 10 <br />Non-ribbon multicrystalline silicon 2.2 8.1 12 <br />Ribbon multicrystalline silicon 1.7 6.3 16 <br />Cadmium telluride 1.0 3.7 27 <br /><br /><br />1. V. Fthenakis and E. Alsema, "Photovoltaics energy payback times, greenhouse gas emissions and external costs: 2004-early 2005 status," Progress in Photovoltaics, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 275-280, 2006.<br /><br />2. Assumes 30-year period of performance and 80% maximum rated power at end of lifetime. <br /><br />PV Research and Development<br />What's next? Find out here, as you discover what's going on in the world of photovoltaic research and development — or "PV R&D," for short. Our discussion of R&D activities follows under three broad categories: Fundamental Research, Advanced Materials and Devices, and Technology Development.<br /><br /> Printable Version <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br />Skip footer navigation to end of page. <br />Solar Energy Technologies Program Home | EERE Home | U.S. Department of Energy<br />Webmaster | Web Site Policies | Security & Privacy | USA.gov <br /><br />Content Last Updated: 10/04/2006Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04641021361644318889noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2391588410225200812.post-66126322066650069852007-08-29T13:03:00.001-07:002011-07-03T00:26:24.971-07:00zero pint energy<a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXSNgtE_zI/AAAAAAAAFAI/8cWVYO1jE8c/s1600-h/finegg10.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXSNgtE_zI/AAAAAAAAFAI/8cWVYO1jE8c/s400/finegg10.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104216882253463346" /></a><br /><a href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXSPQtE_0I/AAAAAAAAFAQ/bzDrUXu8kkk/s1600-h/lb056b61402d8436b5df226tz0.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXSPQtE_0I/AAAAAAAAFAQ/bzDrUXu8kkk/s400/lb056b61402d8436b5df226tz0.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104216912318234434" /></a><br /><a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXSPgtE_1I/AAAAAAAAFAY/cZeYY7vsuV4/s1600-h/nicky77.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXSPgtE_1I/AAAAAAAAFAY/cZeYY7vsuV4/s400/nicky77.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104216916613201746" /></a><br /><a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXSPgtE_2I/AAAAAAAAFAg/aB8R4vHyJe8/s1600-h/PES_logo_up_left_jp70.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXSPgtE_2I/AAAAAAAAFAg/aB8R4vHyJe8/s400/PES_logo_up_left_jp70.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104216916613201762" /></a><br /><a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXSPgtE_3I/AAAAAAAAFAo/zCjwcBaL9-g/s1600-h/picnicky16.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_SkyVfBO47ts/RtXSPgtE_3I/AAAAAAAAFAo/zCjwcBaL9-g/s400/picnicky16.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5104216916613201778" /></a><br />Quantum Vacuum Fluctuations: A New Rosetta Stone of Physics?<br />Dr. H. E. Puthoff <br />Institute for Advanced Studies <br />1301 Capital Of Texas Highway S., Suite B 121 <br />Austin, Texas 78746 <br />(512) 328-5751 <br />In a recent article in the popular press (The Economist, January 7, 1989, pp. 71-74) it was noted how many of this century's new technologies depend on the Alice-in-Wonderland physics of quantum mechanics, with all of its seeming absurdities. For starters, one begins with the observation that classical physics tells us that atoms, which can be likened to a miniature solar system with electron planets orbiting a nuclear sun, should not exist. The circling electrons should radiate away their energy like microscopic radio antennas and spiral into the nucleus. But atoms do exist, and multitudinous other phenomena which don't obey the rules do occur. To resolve this cognitive dissonance physicists introduced quantum mechanics, which is essentially a set of mathematical rules to describe what in fact does happen. But when we re-ask the question, "why didn't the electron radiate away its energy?" the answer is, basically, "well, in quantum theory it doesn't." It's at this point that not only the layman but some physicists can begin to feel that someone's not playing fair. I say only some physicists because the majority of working physicists are content simply to use quantum rules that work, that describe (if only statistically) what will happen in a given experiment under certain conditions.<br /><br />These are the so-called "logical positivists" who, in a philosophical sense, are like the news reporter whose only interest is the bottom line. There are nevertheless individuals here and there who still want to know why the electron didn't radiate, why Einstein's equations are in this form and not another, where does the ubiquitous zero- point energy that fills even empty space come from, why quantum theory, and perhaps the biggest question of all, how did the universe get started anyway? Surprisingly enough, there may be answers to these seemingly unanswerable meta-level questions. Perhaps even more surprising, they seem to be emerging, as a recent book title put it, from "Something called Nothing" (1), or to put it more correctly, from empty space, the vacuum, the void. To comprehend the significance of this statement, we will have to take a detour into the phenomenon of fluctuations with which quantum theory abounds, including the fluctuations of empty space itself. Before the advent of quantum theory, physics taught that any simple oscillator such as a pendulum, when excited, would eventually come to rest if not continuously energized by some outside force such as a spring. This is because of friction losses in the system.<br /><br />After it was recognized that quantum theory was a more accurate representation of nature, one of the findings of quantum theory was that such an oscillator would in fact not come to total rest but rather would continue to "jiggle" randomly about its resting point with a small amount of energy always present, the so-called"zero-point energy." Although it may not be observable to the eye on your grandfather clock because it is so minute, it is nonetheless very real, and in many physical systems has important consequences. One example is the presence of a certain amount of "noise" in a microwave receiver that can never be gotten rid of, no matter how perfect the technology. This is an example which shows that not only physical devices such as pendulums have this property of incessant fluctuation, but also fields, such as electromagnetic fields (radio waves, microwaves, light, X-rays, etc.). <br /><br />As it turns out, even though the zero-point energy in any particular mode of an electromagnetic field is minute, there are so many possible modes of propagation (frequencies, directions) in open space, the zero-point energy summed up over all possible modes is quite enormous; in fact, greater than, for example, nuclear energy densities. And this in all of so-called "empty" space around us. Let us concentrate on the effects of such electromagnetic zero-point fluctuations. With such large values, it might seem that the effects of electromagnetic zero-point energy should be quite obvious, but this is not the case because of its extremely uniform density. Just as a vase standing in a room is not likely to fall over spontaneously, so a vase bombarded uniformly on all sides by millions of ping pong balls would not do likewise because of the balanced conditions of the uniform bombardment. The only evidence of such a barrage might be minute jiggling of the vase, and similar mechanisms are thought to be involved in the quantum jiggle of zero-point motion.<br /><br />However, there are certain conditions in which the uniformity of the background electromagnetic zero-point energy is slightly disturbed and leads to physical effects. One is the slight perturbation of the lines seen from transitions between atomic states known as the Lamb Shift (2), named after its discoverer, Willis Lamb. Another, also named for its discoverer, is the Casimir Effect, a unique attractive quantum force between closely-spaced metal plates. An elegant analysis by Milonni et. al. at Los Angeles National Laboratory (3) shows the Casimir force to be due to radiation pressure from the background electromagnetic zero-point energy which has become unbalanced due to the presence of the plates, and which results in the plates being pushed together. From this it would seem that it might be possible to extract electrical energy from the vacuum, and indeed the possibility of doing so (at least in principle) has been shown in a paper of that same name by Robert Forward (4) at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California.<br /><br />What does this have to do with our basic questions? Let's start with the question as top why the electron in a simple hydrogen atom doesn't radiate as it circles the proton in its stable ground state atomic orbit. This issue has been re-addressed in a recent paper by the author, this time taking into account what has been learned over the years about the effects of zero-point energy. (5) There it is shown that the electron can be seen as continually radiating away its energy as predicted by classical theory, but simultaneously absorbing a compensating amount of energy from the ever-present sea of zero-point energy in which the atom is immersed, and an assumed equilibrium between these two processes leads to the correct values for the parameters known to define the ground-state orbit. Thus the ground-state orbit is set by a dynamic equilibrium in which collapse of the state is prevented by the presence of the zero-point energy. The significance of this observation is that the very stability of matter itself appears to depend on the presence of the underlying sea of electromagnetic zero-point energy.<br /><br />With regard to the gravitational attraction that is described so well by Einstein's theory, its fundamental nature is still not well understood. Whether addressed simply in terms of Newton's Law, or with the full rigor of general relativity, gravitational theory is basically descriptive in nature, without revealing the underlying dynamics for that description. As a result, attempts to unify gravity with the other forces (electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear forces) or to develop a quantum theory of gravity have foundered again and again on difficulties that can be traced back to a lack of understanding at a fundamental level. To rectify these difficulties, theorists by and large have resorted to ever-increasing levels of mathematical sophistication and abstraction, as in the recent development of supergravity and superstring theories. Taking a completely different tack when addressing these difficulties in the sixties, the well-known Russian physicist Andrei Sakharov put forward the somewhat radical hypothesis that gravitation might not be a fundamental interaction at all, but rather a secondary or residual effect associated with other (non- gravitational) fields. (6)<br /><br />Specifically, Sakharov suggested that gravity might be an induced effect brought about by changes in the zero-point energy of the vacuum, due to the presence of matter. If correct, gravity would then be understood as a variation on the Casimir theme, in which background zero-point-energy pressures were again responsible. Although Sakharov did not develop the concept much further, he did outline certain criteria such a theory would have to meet such as predicting the value of the gravitational constant G in terms of zero-point-energy parameters. The approach to gravity outlined by Sakharov has recently been addressed in detail, and with positive results, again by the author. (7) The gravitational interaction is shown to begin with the fact that a particle situated in the sea of electromagnetic zero-point fluctuations develops a "jitter" motion, or ZITTERBEWEGUNG as it is called. When there are two or more particles they are each influenced not only by the fluctuating background field, but also by the fields generated by the other particles, all similarly undergoing ZITTERBEWEGUNG motion, and the inter-particle coupling due to these fields results in the attractive gravitational force.<br /><br />Gravity can thus be understood as a kind of long-range Casimir force. Because of its electromagnetic underpinning, gravitational theory in this form constitutes what is known in the literature as an "already-unified" theory. The major benefit of the new approach is that it provides a basis for understanding various characteristics of the gravitational interaction hitherto unexplained. These include the relative weakness of the gravitational force under ordinary circumstances (shown to be due to the fact that the coupling constant G depends inversely on the large value of the high-frequency cutoff of the zero-point-fluctuation spectrum); the existence of positive but not negative mass (traceable to a positive-only kinetic-energy basis for the mass parameter); and the fact that gravity cannot be shielded (a consequence of the fact that quantum zero-point-fluctuation "noise" in general cannot be shielded, a factor which in other contexts sets a lower limit on the detectability of electromagnetic signals).<br /><br />As to where the ubiquitous electromagnetic zero-point energy comes from, historically there have been two schools of thought: existence by fiat as part of the boundary conditions of the universe, or generation by the (quantum-fluctuation) motion of charged particles that constitute matter. A straightforward calculation of the latter possibility has recently been carried out by the author. (8) It was assumed that zero-point fields drive particle motion, and that the sum of particle motions throughout the universe in turn generate the zero-point fields, in the form of a self-regenerating cosmological feedback cycle not unlike a cat chasing its own tail. This self-consistent approach yielded the known zero-point field distribution, thus indicating a dynamic-generation process for the zero-point fields. Now as to the question of why quantum theory. Although knowledge of zero-point fields emerged from quantum physics as that subject matured, Professor Timothy Boyer at City College in New York took a contrary view. <br /><br />He began asking in the late sixties what would happen if we took classical physics as it was and introduced a background of random, classical fluctuating fields of the zero-point spectral distribution type. Could such an all-classical model reproduce quantum theory in its entirety, and might this possibility have been overlooked by the founders of quantum theory who were not aware of the existence of such a fluctuating background field? (First, it is clear from the previously-mentioned cosmological calculation that such a field distribution would reproduce itself on a continuing dynamic basis.) Boyer began by tackling the problems that led to the introduction of quantum theory in the first place, such as the black body radiation curve and the photoelectric effect. One by one the known quantum results were reproduced by this upstart neoclassical approach, now generally referred to as Stochastic Electrodynamics (SEED) (9), as contrasted to quantum electrodynamics (QED). Indeed, Milonni at Los Ala mos noted in a review of the Boyer work that had physicists in 1900 thought of taking this route, they would probably have been more comfortable with this classical approach than with Planck's hypothesis of the quantum, and one can only speculate as to the direction that physics would have taken then.<br /><br />The list of topics successfully analyzed within the SEED formulation (i.e., yielding precise quantitative agreement with QED treatments) has now been extended to include the harmonic oscillator, Casimir and Van Der Walls forces and the thermal effects of acceleration through the vacuum, to name a few. Out of this work emerged the reasons for such phenomena as the uncertainty principle, the incessant fluctuation of particle motion, the existence of Van Der Waals forces even at zero temperature, and so forth, all shown to be due to the influence of the unceasing activity of the random background fields. There are also some notable failures in SED, such as transparent derivation of something as simple as Schrodinger's equation, which turns out as yet to be an intractable problem. Therefore, it is unlikely that quantum theory as we have come to know it and love it will be entirely replaced by a refurbished classical theory in the near future. Nonetheless, the successes to date of the SED approach, by its highlighting of the role of background zero-point-fluctuations, means that when the final chapter is written on quantum theory, field fluctuations in empty space will be accorded an honored position.<br /><br />And now to the preeminent question of all, where did the Universe come from? Or, in modern terminology, what started the Big Bang? Could quantum fluctuations of empty space have something to do with this also? Well, Prof. Edward Tryon of Hunter College of the City University of New York thought so when he proposed in 1973 that our Universe may have originated as a fluctuation of the vacuum on a large scale, as "simply one of those things which happen from time to time." (10) This idea was later refined and updated within the context of inflationary cosmology by Alexander Vilenkin of Tufts University, who proposed that the universe is created by quantum tunneling from literally nothing into the something we call our universe. (11) Although highly speculative, these types of models indicate once again that physicists find themselves turning again and again to the Void (and the fluctuations thereof) for their answers. <br /><br />Those with a practical bent of mind may be left with yet one more unanswered question. Can this emerging Rosetta Stone of physics be used to translate such lofty insights into mundane application? Could the engineer of the future specialize in "vacuum engineering?" Could the energy crisis be solved by harnessing the energies of the zero-point sea? After all, since the basic zero-point energy form is highly random in nature, and tending towards self-cancellation, if a way could be found to bring order out of chaos, the, because of the highly energetic nature of the vacuum fluctuations, relatively large effects could in principle be produced. Given our relative ignorance at this point, we must fall back on a quote given by Podolny (12) when contemplating this same issue. <br /><br /><br />"It would be just as presumptuous to deny the feasibility of useful application as it would be irresponsible to guarantee such application." Only the future can reveal the ultimate use to which Mankind will put this remaining Fire of the Gods, the quantum fluctuations of empty space.<br />REFERENCES<br />R. Podolny, "Something Called Nothing" (Mir Publ., Moscow,1986) <br />W. E. Lamb, Jr., and R. C. Retherford, "Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom by a Microwave Method," Phys. Rev. 72, 241 (1947) <br />P. W. Milonni, R. J. Cook and M. E. Goggin, "Radiation Pressure from the Vacuum : Physical Interpretation of the Casimir Force," Phys. Rev. A 38, 1621 (1988) <br />R. L. Forward, "Extracting Electrical Energy from the Vacuum by Cohesion of Charged Foliated Conductors," Phys. Rev. B 30, 1700 (1984) <br />H. E. Puthoff, "Ground State of Hydrogen as a Zero-Point Fluctuation-Determined State," Phys. Rev. D 35, 3266 (1987) See also science news article, "Why Atoms Don't Collapse," in New Scientist, p. 26 (9 July 1987) <br />A. D. Sakharov, "Vacuum Quantum Fluctuations in Curved Space and the Theory of Gravitation, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR (Sov. Phys. - Dokl. 12, 1040 (1968). See also discussion in C. W. Misner, K. S. Thorne and J. A. Wheeler, Gravitation (Freeman, San Francisco,1973), p. 426 <br />H. E. Puthoff, "Gravity as a Zero-Point Fluctuation Force," Phys. Rev. A 39, 2333 (1989) <br />H. E. Puthoff, "Source of Vacuum Electromagnetic Zero-Point Energy," subm. to Phys. Rev. A, (March 1989) <br />See review of SED by T. H. Boyer, "A Brief Survey of Stochastic Electrodynamics," in Foundations of Radiation Theory and Quantum Electrodynamics, edited by A. O. Barut (Plenum, New York, 1980) See also the very readable account "The Classical Vacuum," in Scientific American, p. 70 (August 1985) <br />E. P. Tryon, "Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?" Nature 246, 396 (1973) <br />A. Vilenkin, "Creation of Universes from Nothing," Phys. Lett. 117B, 25 (1982) <br />R. Podolny, Ref. 1, p. 211 <br />from http://www.clas.ufl.edu/anthro/ZPE.htmlAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04641021361644318889noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2391588410225200812.post-74392755972171511372007-08-29T12:28:00.000-07:002011-07-03T00:26:24.971-07:00more energy| <br /> <br /> ORDER INFO <br /> PRIVACY POLICY <br /> ABOUT US <br /> PRICING POLICY <br /> CONTACT US <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />PRODUCTS <br />COMMERCIAL <br />DEALERSHIP <br />EDUCATIONAL <br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br />The Solar Energy<br />Newsletter <br /><br /> <br /> Subscribe<br /> Unsubscribe<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br />Certified Solar Energy Dealers<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br />Welcome to Solar Energy . com<br />We are a master distributor of GE products <br />We also carry the complete line of BP Solar components.<br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br />The Solar Energy Catalog - Use our Solar Catalog to discover everything hot in solar. <br /> <br />Solar Water Heaters - Delivering the highest number of watts per dollar spent, solar water heaters are your best investment toward solar energy. 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It is a renewable energy source that has been used in many traditional technologies for centuries. It is also in widespread use where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote locations and in space.<br /><br />Solar energy is currently used in a number of applications:<br /><br />Heat (hot water, building heat, cooking) <br />Electricity generation (photovoltaics, heat engines) <br />Transportation (solar car) <br />Desalination of seawater <br />Photosynthesis by plants <br />Contents [hide]<br />1 Energy from the Sun <br />1.1 Types of technologies <br />1.2 Solar design in architecture <br />1.3 Solar heating systems <br />1.4 Solar cooking <br />1.5 Solar lighting <br />1.6 Solar electricity <br />1.7 Solar thermal electric power plants <br />1.7.1 Power towers <br />1.7.2 Parabolic troughs <br />1.7.3 Concentrating collector with steam engine <br />1.7.4 Concentrating collector with Stirling engine <br />1.7.5 Solar updraft tower <br />1.7.6 Energy tower <br />1.8 Solar pond <br />1.9 Solar chemical <br />1.10 Solar desalination <br />2 Classifications of solar power technology <br />2.1 Direct or Indirect <br />2.2 Passive or active <br />2.3 Concentrating or non-concentrating <br />3 Advantages <br />4 Disadvantages <br />5 Availability of solar energy <br />6 Energy storage <br />7 Deployment of solar power <br />8 Solar power by country <br />9 Solar powered car <br />10 See also <br />11 References <br />12 External links <br /> <br /><br /><br />[edit] Energy from the Sun<br /> <br />Theoretical annual mean insolation, at the top of Earth's atmosphere (top) and at the surface on a horizontal square meter. <br />Map of global solar energy resources. The colours show the average available solar energy on the surface (as measured from 1991 to 1993). For comparison, the dark disks represent the land area required to supply the total primary energy demand using PVs with a conversion efficiency of 8%.Solar radiation reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere at a rate of 1366 watts per square meter (W/m2).[1] The first map shows how the solar energy varies in different latitudes.<br /><br />While traveling through the atmosphere, 6% of the incoming solar radiation (insolation) is reflected and 16% is absorbed resulting in a peak irradiance at the equator of 1,020 W/m².[2] Average atmospheric conditions (clouds, dust, pollutants) further reduce insolation by 20% through reflection and 3% through absorption.[3] Atmospheric conditions not only reduce the quantity of insolation reaching the Earth's surface but also affect the quality of insolation by diffusing incoming light and altering its spectrum.<br /><br />The second map shows the average global irradiance calculated from satellite data collected from 1991 to 1993. For example, in North America the average insolation at ground level over an entire year (including nights and periods of cloudy weather) lies between 125 and 375 W/m² (3 to 9 kWh/m²/day).[4] This represents the available power, and not the delivered power. At present, photovoltaic panels typically convert about 15% of incident sunlight into electricity; therefore, a solar panel in the contiguous United States on average delivers 19 to 56 W/m² or 0.45 - 1.35 kWh/m²/day.[5]<br /><br />The dark disks in the third map on the right are an example of the land areas that, if covered with 8% efficient solar panels, would produce slightly more energy in the form of electricity than the total world primary energy supply in 2003.[6] While average insolation and power offer insight into solar power's potential on a regional scale, locally relevant conditions are of primary importance to the potential of a specific site.<br /><br />After passing through the Earth's atmosphere, most of the sun's energy is in the form of visible and infrared radiation. Plants use solar energy to create chemical energy through photosynthesis. Humans regularly use this energy burning wood or fossil fuels, or when simply eating the plants.<br /><br />A recent concern is global warming, an effect of pollution that is allowing less sunlight to reach the Earth's surface. This loss of sunlight is intricately linked with pollution particles and global warming, and it is mostly of concern for issues of global climate change, but is also of concern to proponents of solar power because of the existing and potential future decreases in available solar energy. The order of magnitude is about 4% less solar energy available at sea level over the timeframe of 1961–90, mostly from increased reflection from clouds back into space.[7]<br /><br /><br />[edit] Types of technologies<br />Many types of technology have been developed to make use of solar radiation. Some of these technologies make direct use of the solar energy (e.g. to provide light, heat, etc.), while others produce electricity.<br /><br />.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar design in architecture<br />Main article: Passive solar building design<br />Solar design in architecture involves the use of appropriate solar technologies to maintain a building’s environment at a comfortable temperature through the sun's daily and annual cycles. It may do this by storing solar energy as heat in the walls of a building, which then acts to heat the building at night. Another approach is to keep the interior cool during a hot day by designing in natural convection through the building’s interior.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar heating systems<br />Main articles: Solar hot water and Solar combisystem<br /> <br />Solar water heaters, on a rooftop in Jerusalem, IsraelSolar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. Commercial solar water heating systems began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were thereafter gradually replaced by relatively cheap and more reliable conventional heating fuels. The economic advantage of conventional heating fuels has varied over time resulting in periodic interest in solar hot water; however, solar hot water and heating technologies have yet to show the sustained momentum they lost in the 1920s. That being said, the recent price spikes and erratic availability of conventional fuels is renewing interest in solar heating technologies.[8][9] Australia, China, Israel and Japan are global leaders in solar hot water use.[10]<br /><br />On a technical level, solar water heating is particularly appropriate for low temperature (75-150F) applications such as domestic hot water and process heat. In the United States heating swimming pools is the most successful application of solar hot water. [11]<br /><br />Solar water heating systems are composed of solar thermal collectors, a storage tank and a circulation loop.[12] The three basic classifications of solar water heaters are:<br /><br />Batch systems which consist of a tank that is directly heated by sunlight. These are the oldest and simplest solar water heater designs, however; the exposed tank can be vulnerable to cooldown.[13] <br />Active systems which use pumps to circulate water or a heat transfer fluid. <br />Passive systems which circulate water or a heat transfer fluid by natural circulation. These are also called thermosiphon systems. <br />A Trombe wall is a passive solar heating and ventilation system consisting of an air channel sandwiched between a window and a sun-facing wall. Sunlight heats the air space during the day causing natural circulation through vents at the top and bottom of the wall and storing heat in the thermal mass. During the evening the Trombe wall radiates stored heat.[14]<br /><br />A transpired collector is a perforated sun-facing wall. The wall absorbs sunlight and pre-heats air up 40F as it is drawn into the building's ventilation system. These systems are inexpensive and pay for themselves within 3-12 years in offset heating costs.[15]<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar cooking<br />Main article: Solar cooker<br /> <br />Solar Cookers use sunshine as a source of heat for cooking as an alternative to fire.A solar box cooker traps the sun's energy in an insulated box; such boxes have been successfully used for cooking, pasteurization and fruit canning. Solar cooking is helping many developing countries, both reducing the demands for local firewood and maintaining a cleaner breathing environment for the community.<br /><br />The first known western solar oven is attributed to Horace de Saussure in 1767, which impressed Sir John Herschel enough to build one for cooking meals on his astronomical expedition to the Cape of Good Hope in Africa in 1830.[16] Today, there are many different designs in use around the world.[17]<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar lighting<br />Main articles: Daylighting and Light tube<br />Daylighting is a passive solar method of using natural light to provide illumination. Daylighting directly offsets energy use in electric lighting systems and indirectly offsets energy use through a reduction in cooling load.[18] Although difficult to quantify, the use of natural light also offers physiological and psychological benefits compared to conventional lighting.<br /><br />Daylighting features include building orientation, window orientation, exterior shading, sawtooth roofs, clerestory windows, light shelves, skylights and light tubes.[19] These features may be incorporated in existing structures but are most effective when integrated in a solar design package which accounts for factors such as glare, heat gain, heat loss and time-of-use. Architectural trends increasingly recognize daylighting as a cornerstone of sustainable design.<br /><br />Hybrid solar lighting (HSL) is an active solar method of using natural light to provide illumination. Hybrid solar lighting systems collect sunlight using focusing mirrors that track the sun. The collected light is transmitted via optical fibers into a building's interior to supplement conventional lighting.[20]<br /><br />Daylight saving time (DST) utilizes solar energy by matching available sunlight to the time of the day in which it is most useful. In 2001 this was estimated to reduce peak demand in California by 35–70 MW (0.08%–0.16%) in June through August, though total electricity use was unaffected.[21] However, there is some question whether these estimates are valid. In 2000 when parts of Australia began DST in late winter, overall electricity consumption did not decrease, but the peak load increased.[22]<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar electricity<br />Main article: Photovoltaics<br /> <br />Kyocera headquarters. PV cells on the side of the building generate electricity from sunlight. <br />The solar panels (photovoltaic arrays) on this small yacht at sea can charge the 12 V batteries at up to 9 A in full, direct sunlightSolar cells, also referred to as photovoltaic cells, are devices or banks of devices that use the photovoltaic effect of semiconductors to generate electricity directly from sunlight. Until recently, their use has been limited because of high manufacturing costs. One cost effective use has been in very low-power devices such as calculators with LCDs. Another use has been in remote applications such as roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, cathodic protection of pipe lines, and limited "off grid" home power applications. A third use has been in powering orbiting satellites and spacecraft.<br /><br />To take advantage of the incoming electromagnetic radiation from the sun, solar panels can be attached to each house or building. The panels should be mounted perpendicular to the arc of the sun to maximize usefulness. The easiest way to use this electricity is by connecting the solar panels to a grid tie inverter. However, these solar panels may also be used to charge batteries or other energy storage device. Solar panels produce more power during summer months because they receive more sunlight.<br /><br />Total peak power of installed PV is around 6,000 MW as of the end of 2006. Installed PV is projected to increase to over 9,000 MW in 2007.[23][24] This is only one part of solar-generated electric power.<br /><br />Declining manufacturing costs (dropping at 3 to 5% a year in recent years) are expanding the range of cost-effective uses. The average lowest retail cost of a large photovoltaic array declined from $7.50 to $4 per watt between 1990 and 2005.[25] With many jurisdictions now giving tax and rebate incentives, solar electric power can now pay for itself in five to ten years in many places. "Grid-connected" systems - those systems that use an inverter to connect to the utility grid instead of relying on batteries - now make up the largest part of the market.<br /><br />In 2003, worldwide production of solar cells increased by 32%.[26] Between 2000 and 2004, the increase in worldwide solar energy capacity was an annualized 60%.[27] 2005 was expected to see large growth again, but shortages of refined silicon have been hampering production worldwide since late 2004.[28] Analysts have predicted similar supply problems for 2006 and 2007.[29]<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar thermal electric power plants<br /> <br />Solar Two, a concentrating solar power tower (an example of solar thermal energy applied to electrical power production).Main article: Solar thermal energy<br />Solar thermal energy can be focused on a heat exchanger, and converted in a heat engine to produce electric power or applied to other industrial processes.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Power towers<br />Main article: Solar power tower<br />The solar heat coming from the sun is reflected off the mirrors and is concentrated on the top of the tower where it will heat water or oil to boiling point. After the water or oil is heated it will be transferred to the power plant where it will make steam to turn a turbine to generate electricity. <br /><br />[edit] Parabolic troughs<br />Main article: Parabolic trough<br />A long row of parabolic mirrors concentrates sunlight on a tube filled with a heat transfer fluid (usually oil). As with the power tower, this heated oil is used to power a conventional steam turbine, or stored for nighttime use. The largest operating solar power plant, as of 2007, is one of the SEGS parabolic trough systems in the Mojave Desert in California, USA (see Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert).<br /><br /><br />[edit] Concentrating collector with steam engine<br />Solar energy converted to heat in a concentrating collector can be used to boil water into steam (as is done in nuclear and coal power plants) to drive a steam engine or steam turbine. The concentrating collector can be a trough collector, parabolic collector, or power tower.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Concentrating collector with Stirling engine<br /> <br />A parabolic solar collector concentrating the sun's rays on the heating element of a Stirling engine. The entire unit acts as a solar tracker.Solar energy converted to heat in a concentrating (dish or trough parabolic) collector can be used to drive a Stirling engine, a type of heat engine which uses a sealed working gas (i.e. a closed cycle) and does not require a water supply.<br /><br />Until recently, a solar Stirling system held the efficiency record for converting solar energy into electricity (30% at 1,000 watts per square meter).[30] Such concentrating systems produce little or no power in overcast conditions and incorporate a solar tracker to point the device directly at the sun. That record has been broken by a high-performance crystalline silicon solar cell platform developed by a consortium led by the University of Delaware which has achieved a conversion efficiency of 42.8 percent.[31]<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar updraft tower<br />Main article: Solar updraft tower<br />A solar updraft tower (also known as a solar chimney, but this term is avoided by many proponents due to its association with fossil fuels) is a relatively low-tech solar thermal power plant where air passes under a very large agricultural glass house (between 2 and 8 km in diameter), is heated by the sun and channeled upwards towards a convection tower. It then rises naturally and is used to drive turbines, which generate electricity.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Energy tower<br />Main article: Energy tower (downdraft)<br />An energy tower is an alternative proposal to the solar updraft tower. It is driven by spraying water at the top of the tower, evaporation of water causes a downdraft by cooling the air thereby increasing its density, driving wind turbines at the bottom of the tower. It requires a hot arid climate and large quantities of water (seawater may be used) but does not require the large glass house of the solar updraft tower.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar pond<br />Main article: Solar pond<br />A solar pond is simply a pool of water which collects and stores solar energy. It contains layers of salt solutions with increasing concentration (and therefore density) to a certain depth, below which the solution has a uniform high salt concentration. It is a relatively low-tech, low-cost approach to harvesting solar energy. The principle is to fill a pond with 3 layers of water:<br /><br />A top layer with a low salt content. <br />An intermediate insulating layer with a salt gradient, which sets up a density gradient that prevents heat exchange by natural convection in the water. <br />A bottom layer with a high salt content which reaches a temperature approaching 90 degrees Celsius. <br />The layers have different densities due to their different salt content, and this prevents the development of convection currents which would otherwise transfer the heat to the surface and then to the air above. The heat trapped in the salty bottom layer can be used for heating of buildings, industrial processes, generating electricity or other purposes. One such system is in use at Bhuj, Gujarat, India[32] and another at the University of Texas El Paso.[33]<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar chemical<br />Solar chemical is any process that harnesses solar energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive an endothermic or photoelectrochemical chemical reaction. Prototypes, but no large-scale systems, have been constructed.<br /><br />One approach has been to use conventional solar thermal collectors to drive chemical dissociation reactions. Ammonia can be separated into nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and with the aid of a catalyst, stored indefinitely, then recombined later to release the heat stored. A prototype system was constructed at the Australian National University[34].<br /><br />Another approach is to use focused sunlight to provide the energy needed to split water via photoelectrolysis into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of a metallic catalyst such as zinc.[35]. Other research in this area has focused on semiconductors, and on the use of examined transition metal compounds, in particular titanium, niobium and tantalum oxides [36]. Unfortunately, these materials exhibit very low efficiencies, because they require ultraviolet light to drive the photoelectrolysis of water. Current materials also require an electrical voltage bias for the hydrogen and oxygen gas to evolve from the surface, another disadvantage. Current research is focusing on the development of materials capable of the same water splitting reaction using lower energy visible light.<br /><br />Solar thermal energy also has the potential to be used directly to drive chemical processes that require significant amounts of process heat, including at high temperatures that can be otherwise quite hard to attain[37].<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar desalination<br />Main article: desalination<br />This technique uses solar energy to evaporate sea water. The humid air is then condensed and desalinated water is collected.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Classifications of solar power technology<br />Solar power technologies can be classified in a number of ways.<br /><br /> <br />Photovoltaic cells produce electricity directly from sunlight<br />[edit] Direct or Indirect<br />In general, direct solar power involves a single transformation of sunlight which results in a usable form of energy.<br /><br />Sunlight hits a photovoltaic cell creating electricity. <br />Sunlight warms a thermal mass. <br />Sunlight strikes a solar sail on a space craft and is converted directly into a force on the sail which causes motion of the craft. <br />Sunlight strikes a light mill and causes the vanes to rotate as mechanical energy (little practical application has yet been found for this effect). <br />In a direct solar water heater the water heated in the collector is used in the domestic water system. <br />In general, indirect solar power involves multiple transformations of sunlight which result in a usable form of energy.<br /><br />Vegetation uses photosynthesis to convert solar energy to chemical energy. The resulting biomass may be burned directly to produce heat and electricity or processed into ethanol, methane, hydrogen and other biofuels. <br />Hydroelectric dams and wind turbines are powered by solar energy through its interaction with the Earth's atmosphere and the resulting weather phenomena. <br />Ocean thermal energy production uses the thermal gradients present across ocean depths to generate power. These temperature differences are produced by sunlight.[38] <br />Fossil fuels are ultimately derived from solar energy captured by vegetation in the geological past, but they would not normally be classed as solar energy. <br /><br />[edit] Passive or active<br />This distinction is made in the context of building construction and building services engineering.<br /><br />Passive solar systems use non-mechanical techniques of capturing, converting and distributing sunlight into usable outputs such as heating, lighting or ventilation. These techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air and referencing the position of a building to the sun.<br /><br />Passive solar water heaters use a thermosiphon to circulate fluid. <br />A Trombe wall circulates air by natural circulation and acts as a thermal mass which absorbs heat during the day and radiates heat at night. <br />Clerestory windows, light shelves, skylights and light tubes can be used among other daylighting techniques to illuminate a building's interior. <br />Passive solar water distillers may use capillary action to pump water. <br />Active solar systems use electrical and mechanical components such as photovoltaic panels, pumps and fans to process sunlight into usable outputs such as heating, lighting or electricity.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Concentrating or non-concentrating<br /> <br />A large parabolic reflector solar furnace is located in the Pyrenees at Odeillo, French Cerdagne. It is used for various research purposes.[39]Concentrating solar power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. CSP technologies fall into two categories; Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST) and Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV). All CSP technologies require direct insolation to perform properly. This requirement makes them inappropriate for significantly overcast locations.[40]<br /><br /><br />The three basic CST technologies are the solar trough, solar power tower and parabolic dish. Each technology is capable of producing high temperatures and correspondingly high thermodynamic efficiencies but they vary in the way they track the sun and focus light.<br /><br />Line focus/Single-axis <br />A solar trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector which concentrates light on a receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line. These systems use single-axis tracking to follow the sun. A working fluid (oil, water) flows through the receiver and is heated up to 400 °C before transferring its heat to a distillation or power generation system.[41][42] Trough systems are the most developed CST technology. The Solar Electric Generating System (SEGS) plants in California and Plataforma Solar de Almería's SSPS-DCS plant in Spain are representatives of this technology.[43] <br />Point focus/Dual-axis <br />A power tower consists of an array of flat reflectors (heliostats) which concentrate light on a central receiver located on a tower. These systems use dual-axis tracking to follow the sun. A working fluid (air, water, molten salt) flows through the receiver where it is heated up to 1000 °C before transferring its heat to a power generation or energy storage system. Power towers are less advanced than trough systems but they offer higher efficiency and energy storage capability.[44] The Solar Two in Daggett, California and the Planta Solar 10 (PS10) in Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain are representatives of this technology. <br />A parabolic dish or dish/engine system consists of a stand-alone parabolic reflector which concentrates light on a receiver positioned at the reflector's focal point. These systems use dual-axis tracking to follow the sun. A working fluid (hydrogen, helium, air, water) flows through the receiver where it is heated up to 1500 °C before transferring its heat to a sterling engine for power generation.[45][44] Parabolic dish systems display the highest solar-to-electric efficiency among CST technologies and their modular nature offers scalability. The Stirling Energy Systems (SES) and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) dishes at UNLV and the Big Dish in Canberra, Australia are representatives of this technology. <br />Non-concentrating photovoltaic and solar thermal systems do not concentrate sunlight. While the maximum attainable temperatures (200 °C) and thermodynamic efficiencies are lower, these systems offer simplicity of design and have the ability to effectively utilize diffuse insolation.[44] Flat-plate thermal and photovoltaic panels are representatives of this technology.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Advantages<br /> <br />US annual average solar energy received by a latitude tilt photovoltaic cell.The 89 petawatts of sunlight reaching the earth's surface is plentiful - almost 6,000 times more - compared to the 15 terawatts of average power consumed by humans.[46] Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m2) among renewable energies.[46] <br />Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under development.[47] <br />Facilities can operate with little maintenance or intervention after initial setup. <br />Solar electric generation is economically competitive where grid connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or impossible. Examples include satellites, island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels. <br />When grid-connected, solar electric generation can displace the highest cost electricity during times of peak demand (in most climatic regions), can reduce grid loading, and can eliminate the need for local battery power for use in times of darkness and high local demand; such application is encouraged by net metering. Time-of-use net metering can be highly favorable to small photovoltaic systems. <br />Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus minimizing transmission/distribution losses (approximately 7.2%).[48] <br />Once the initial capital cost of building a solar power plant has been spent, operating costs are low compared to existing power technologies. <br /><br />[edit] Disadvantages<br />Solar electricity can currently be more expensive than electricity generated by other sources. <br />Solar heat and electricity are not available at night and may be unavailable due to weather conditions; therefore, a storage or complementary power system is required for most applications. <br />Limited power density: Average daily insolation in the contiguous U.S. is 3-7 kW·h/m2[49][50][51] (see picture) <br />Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid tie inverter) when used in currently existing distribution grids. This incurs an energy loss of 4-12%.[52] <br /><br />[edit] Availability of solar energy<br /> <br />The Sun.There is no shortage of solar-derived energy on Earth. The flows and stores of solar energy are very large relative to human needs.<br /><br />The total solar energy available to the earth is approximately 3850 zettajoules (ZJ) per year.[53] <br />Oceans absorb approximately 285 ZJ of solar energy per year.[54] <br />Winds can theoretically supply 6 ZJ of energy per year.[55] <br />Biomass captures approximately 1.8 ZJ of solar energy per year.[56][57] <br />Worldwide energy consumption was .471 ZJ in 2004.[58] <br /><br />[edit] Energy storage<br />Main article: Grid energy storage<br />For a stand-alone system, some means must be employed to store the collected energy for use during hours of darkness or cloud cover. The following list includes both mature and immature techniques:<br /><br /> <br />A Solar powered garden lampUsing traditional batteries <br />Thermal mass <br />Pumped-storage hydroelectricity <br />Flow batteries <br />Molten salt[59] <br />Cryogenic liquid air or nitrogen <br />Compressed air in cylinders and in caverns <br />Flywheel energy storage <br />Hydrogen produced by electrolysis <br />Hydraulic accumulator <br />Superconducting magnetic energy storages <br />Vegetable oil economy <br />Storage always has an extra stage of energy conversion, with consequent energy losses, increasing the total capital costs. One way around this is to export excess power to the power grid, drawing it back when needed. This appears to use the power grid as a battery but in fact is relying on conventional energy production through the grid during the night. However, since the grid always has a positive outflow, the result is exactly the same.<br /><br />Electric power costs are highly dependent on the consumption per time of day, since plants must be built for peak power (not average power). Expensive gas-fired "peaking generators" must be used when base capacity is insufficient. Fortunately for solar, solar capacity parallels energy demand; since much of the electricity is for removing heat produced by too much solar energy (using conditioners). This is less true in the winter when the peak energy use is in the early evening when food is being prepared and lighting, heating, and entertainment equipment loads are higher. Winter heating loads can be time shifted by storing thermal energy in bulk materials such as rock, water, or thermal phase transition materials such as glauber's salt or wax, provided solar illumination is sufficient. Wind power complements solar power since it can produce energy when there is no sunlight but this advantage is highly dependant upon local and seasonal wind availability.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Deployment of solar power<br />Main article: Deployment of solar power to energy grids<br />"The Stone Age did not end for a lack of stones, and the oil age will end not for a lack of oil." — Sheik Yamani, Saudi oil minister, 1973<br /><br />"We stopped using stone because bronze and iron were superior materials, and likewise we will stop using oil when other energy technologies provide superior benefits." — Bjørn Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 120[60]<br /><br />Deployment of solar power depends largely upon local conditions and requirements. All industrialised nations share a need for electricity and it is believed that solar power will increasingly be used as an option for electricity supply. The Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Power Generation (VLS-PV) proposal argues that "PV systems could generate many times the current primary global energy supply".[61] To compensate for night time energy demands they would need to be complemented with pumped storage.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Solar power by country<br />See the articles for individual countries listed at Category:Solar power by country <br /><br />[edit] Solar powered car<br /> <br />The solar powered car The Nuna 3 built by the Dutch Nuna teamDevelopment of a practical solar powered car has been an engineering goal for 20 years. The center of this development is the World Solar Challenge, a biannual solar powered car race over 3021 km (1877mi) through central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. The race's stated objective is to promote research into solar-powered cars. Teams from universities and enterprises participate. In 1987 when it was founded, the winner's average speed was 67 km/h (42 mph).[62] By the 2005 race this had increased to an average speed of greater than 100 km/h (62 mph), even though the cars were faced with the 110 km/h (68 mph) South Australia speed limit.[63]<br /><br /><br />[edit] See also<br />1973 energy crisis <br />Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) <br />COMES, French Solar Energy Authority <br />Deployment of solar power to energy grids <br />Energy crisis <br />Energy development <br />Energy storage <br />Energy: world resources and consumption <br />European Union Climate Change Programme <br />Future energy development <br />Green electricity <br />Global dimming <br />List of conservation topics <br />Microgeneration <br /> Photoelectric effect <br />Photovoltaics <br />Renewable energy <br />Solar air conditioning <br />Solar balloon <br />Solar car <br />Solar cell <br />Solar gain <br />Solar ponds <br />Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert <br />Solar power satellite <br />Solar power tower <br />Solar radiation <br />Solar tracker <br />Solar updraft tower <br />Sustainable design <br />Timeline of solar energy <br />Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation (TREC) <br /> <br /><br /><br />[edit] References<br />^ Solar Spectra: Standard Air Mass Zero. NREL Renewable Resource Data Center (2006-10-17). Retrieved on 2006-10-17. <br />^ Earth Radiation Budget Earth Radiation Budget. NASA Langley Research Center (2006-10-17). Retrieved on 2006-10-17. <br />^ Earth Radiation Budget <br />^ NREL: Dynamic Maps, GIS Data, and Analysis Tools - Solar Maps <br />^ us_pv_annual_may2004.jpg. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US. Retrieved on 2006-09-04. <br />^ International Energy Agency - Homepage <br />^ Liepert, B. G. (2002-05-02). Observed Reductions in Surface Solar Radiation in the United States and Worldwide from 1961 to 1990. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 29, NO. 10, 1421. Retrieved on 2006-09-04. <br />^ [Ken Butti and John Perlin - A Golden Thread (2500 Years of Solar Architecture and Technology) Part III, Solar Water Heating] <br />^ - John Perlin - Solar Hot Water Heating <br />^ - Solar Hot Water in China <br />^ - John Perlin - Solar Hot Water Heating <br />^ NREL - Solar Hot Water <br />^ Solar Hot Water Heating History <br />^ EERE - Indirect Gain (Trombe Walls) <br />^ NREL - Transpired Air Collectors (Ventilation Preheating) <br />^ Horace de Saussure and his Hot Boxes of the 1700s. Retrieved on 2006-09-04. <br />^ Solar Cooking Plans. Retrieved on 2006-09-04. <br />^ IEA - Daylighting HVAC Interaction (pg 85) <br />^ DOE - Daylighting <br />^ ORNL - Solar Technologies Program <br />^ Adrienne Kandel; Daryl Metz (2001). "Effects of daylight saving time on California electricity use" (PDF). P400-01-013. California Energy Commission. Retrieved on 2007-06-24. <br />^ Ryan Kellogg; Hendrik Wolff (2007). "Does extending daylight saving time save energy? Evidence from an Australian experiment". CSEMWP 163. Center for the Study of Energy Markets. Retrieved on 2007-05-16. <br />^ Installed PV power <br />^ Solar Wave - Apr-07 Merrill Lynch <br />^ Regional Renewables.org Retrieved 28 November 2006 <br />^ World Sales of Solar Cells Jump 32 PercentViviana Jiménez, 2004 Earth Policy Institute. Retrieved 4 September 2006. <br />^ Sun King Russell Flannery 27 March 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2006. <br />^ Silicon Shortage Stalls Solar John Gartner, Wired News, 28 March 2005. Retrieved 4 September 2006. <br />^ 2005 Solar Year-end Review & 2006 Solar Industry Forecast Jesse W. Pichel and Ming Yang, Research Analysts, Piper Jaffray, 11 January 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2006. <br />^ Solar Stirling system ready for production. Retrieved on 2006-09-06. <br />^ U.S. Department of Energy (2006-12-05). New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology. Press release. Retrieved on 2006-12-06. <br />^ Solar pond in Gujarat <br />^ Solar pond at University of Texas El Paso <br />^ K. Lovegrove, A. Luzzi, I. Soldiani and H. Kreetz "Developing Ammonia Based Thermochemical Energy Storage for Dish Power Plants." Solar Energy, 2003. http://engnet.anu.edu.au/DEresearch/solarthermal/pages/pubs/SolarEAmmonia4.pdf or http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2003.07.020 <br />^ IsraCast: ZINC POWDER WILL DRIVE YOUR HYDROGEN CAR, Wired News: Sunlight to Fuel Hydrogen Future and Solar Technology Laboratory: SynMet <br />^ New Scientist issue 2577, 13 November 2006 Take a leaf out of nature's book to tap solar power by Duncan Graham-Rowe Accessed Nov 2006 <br />^ J Murray. Investigation of Opportunities for High-Temperature Solar Energy in the Aluminum Industry, National Renewable Energy Laboratory report NREL/SR-550-39819 (USA). <br />^ NREL - Ocean Energy Basics <br />^ Les Fours solaires <br />^ DOE - Solar Basics <br />^ Plataforma Solar de Almería Concentrator Facilities <br />^ Sandia - Concentrating Solar Power Overview <br />^ Plataforma Solar de Almería - Linear-focusing Concentrator Facilities <br />^ a b c Quaschning, Volker (June 2003). "Technology Fundamentals: Solar thermal power plants" (Reprint). Renewable Energy World: 109-113. Retrieved on 2006-12-7. <br />^ Sandia - Concentrating Solar Power Overview <br />^ a b Vaclav Smil - Energy at the Crossroads <br />^ Environmental Aspects of PV Power Systems <br />^ U.S. Climate Change Technology Program - Transmission and Distribution Technologies <br />^ NREL Map of Flat Plate Collector at Latitude Tilt Yearly Average Solar Radiation <br />^ Solar Energy Technologies Program: Solar FAQs US Department of Energy. Retrieved on 24 August, 2007. <br />^ [1] <br />^ Renewable Resource Data Center - PV Correction Factors <br />^ [2] <br />^ [3] <br />^ [4] <br />^ Whittaker, R. H.; Likens, G. E. (1975). "The Biosphere and Man", in Leith, H. & Whittaker, R. H.: Primary Productivity of the Biosphere. Springer-Verlag, 305-328. ISBN 0-3870-7083-4. ; Ecological Studies Vol 14 (Berlin) <br />^ [5] <br />^ [6] <br />^ Solar Tres Project <br />^ Technology Roadmaps <br />^ Summary Energy from the Desert <br />^ History of World Solar Challenge The World Solar Challenge. Retrieved 4 September 2006. <br />^ Panasonic World Solar Challenge 21-28 October 2007 The World Solar Challenge. 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